Applied Research in Consulting

Abstract Introduction: Understanding the concept of well-being in youth from the perspective of the elderly and the factors affecting it based on the opinion of the elderly and their lived experiences can play a significant role in increasing the quality and satisfaction of young people when they reach old age. The aim of the current research was "Designing and validating the model of promoting the well-being of young people based on the lived experiences of the elderly".
Method: In this study, the descriptive phenomenological method was used to collect data and the Collaizi method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. The number of participants was based on the theoretical saturation of twenty elderly men and women living in Tehran province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed to explain the well-being factors in youth.
Results: Five themes were extracted from the findings in the qualitative section, which include vitality, health and dynamism, personal growth and excellence, interpersonal relationships and strength.
Conclusion: Based on the findings obtained by planning for implementation, societies and governments can expand the welfare in the society and reduce the adverse effects of old age when the young society reaches old age.

Abstract Researchers usually face many difficulties in conducting a research, mainly because on the one hand they are not familiar with the philosophical foundations of the main paradigms used in educational research (quantitative, qualitative or mixed) and on the other hand, they are unfamiliar with the relevant types of research. These paradigms are not related. These methods determine not only the formulation of the problem chosen for research and the related research questions or hypothesis, but more importantly, the sampling method, the selection of appropriate research tools, the way of data collection and also the data analysis; Therefore, knowing the types of research methods and the characteristics of each of them, as well as understanding the difference between quantitative, qualitative and mixed research, helps the researcher to choose the right and appropriate research method, and it is necessary for researchers to be fully familiar with these topics. Therefore, in this research, with the aim of investigating the basics and methods in multidisciplinary research, by distinguishing between quantitative, qualitative and mixed research, the explanation and definition of qualitative and quantitative research, the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods, the explanation of mixed methods and ethical considerations in all researches have been discussed. Researchers can choose the best and appropriate path for their research and be better and more successful in collecting the data needed for their research.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of the combined treatment of yoga and mindfulness exercises on reducing depression during pregnancy and after delivery. The current research was of quasi-experimental type with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of pregnant women in Mashhad in 1403. The sample size was equal to 40 people who were placed in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The data were collected using the postpartum depression scale (Cox et al., 1987) and analyzed by SPSS software (version 26) using the analysis of covariance method. The results of the research showed that there was a significant decrease in depression in the post-test stage in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). The effect size for this test was 0.474. Therefore, The results of the present study are an important step towards the treatment of depression during pregnancy and after delivery.
Keywords: yoga, mindfulness, pregnancy, postpartum depression

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate and understand the challenges and strategies of school counseling from the perspective of school counselors.
Method: The current research is qualitative and based on the phenomenological approach. The sample of the study was the school counselors of Arak and Najaf-Abad in the year (2023), 14 of them were selected in a purposeful and theoretical manner according to the principle of theoretical saturation, and the research data was collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. was collected and the data was analyzed with the method of theme analysis and Colaizzi pattern (1978).
Findings: The data analysis showed that the challenges of guidance and counseling in school include 4 general themes with the titles of challenges of counselors, students and clients, school and community environment along with 22 sub-themes and their strategies are also in 4 general themes of strategies. It was summarized with 21 sub-themes related to counselors, students and clients, school and community environment.
Conclusion: Understanding the challenges and strategies of guidance and counseling in schools from the point of view of school counselors can help to better understand the role and position of school counselors along with reducing harm and increasing support in order to have more influence of counselors in the realization of education programs on a wide scale

Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate the role of the seven dimensions of secrecy on the quality of married life. The research method was descriptive correlation type. For this purpose, 100 people were selected by random sampling method. Subjects responded to two researcher-made confidentiality questionnaires and Filcher's Marital Life Quality Questionnaire. Data analysis was done by simultaneous regression analysis and two tolerance tests and variance inflation index were used. The findings of the research showed: A: There is a significant positive relationship between the secrecy variable in general and the quality of married life. B: There is a significant positive relationship between the secrecy variable in the dimension of marital disputes and the quality of marital life. C: There is no significant relationship between the secrecy variable in the emotional dimension and the quality of marital life.Therefore, they can improve the quality of their married life, and the final result of this demarcation and the quality of married life will be the consolidation of the foundations of the family.
Quality of life, marital life, privacy

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the Effect of Compassion Focused Therapy on Life style and self-esteem in Wives of the deceased veterans. The study was semi-experimental study, 40 Wives of the deceased veterans in Isfahan were selected through available sampling method, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The study instruments were Lali lifestyle (2012) questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1967). Experimental group received 8 sessions of Compassion Focused and all subjects were evaluated 2 occations at pretest and posttest and stages. The gathered data was analyzed by a repeated-measure MANCOVA analysis. The results showed that the efficacy of Compassion Focused Therapy was significant on Life style in physical health, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, drugs and alcohol, accident prevention and environmental health dimensions and also, was significant on Self-Esteem (p<0/05). This study showed that Compassion Focused Therapy plays a pivotal role in improving. This method is suitable intervention for improvement of psychological variables among Wives of the deceased veterans.

Abstract Self-efficacy, defined as an individual's belief in their ability to cope with challenges, plays a crucial role in adapting to the physical, psychological, and social changes during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between various personality traits (fairness, bravery, egalitarianism, and introversion) and coping self-efficacy among pregnant women. In this correlation study, a total of 100 pregnant women visiting a healthcare center in Mashhad were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using standard questionnaires for measuring personality traits by Bass (1975) and coping self-efficacy by Chesney (2006). Appropriate statistical tests, such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression, were used for data analysis. The results indicated that personality traits, particularly the dimensions of fairness and bravery, have a significant impact on coping self-efficacy (p < 0.05). These two personality traits together can explain about 35% of the variations and differences in individuals' coping self-efficacy when facing challenges. In other words, pregnant women with higher levels of fairness and bravery tend to have a stronger belief in their ability to cope with the challenges of pregnancy. Given the key role of coping self-efficacy in the mental and physical health of pregnant women, this research emphasizes the importance of considering personality traits in designing intervention programs aimed at improving the quality of life for this group.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological inflexibility in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety. The research method is correlational and the statistical population includes all ... in 1403, which were selected through convenience sampling of 400 people for the present study and responded to the Lewis Parenting Schema (2018), Hayes and Bond Flexibility, and Oweyse et al. (2021) Social Anxiety Questionnaires(2021). The results of the correlation analysis showed that psychological inflexibility has a significant and positive relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety (p<0.01). The results of the structural equation analysis showed that Psychological inflexibility has a mediating role in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the results indicate the importance of parenting schemas in explaining cognitive flexibility. Therefore, organizing workshops and training classes that explain the importance of responsibility and teach better social adaptation techniques can be effective in improving social anxiety.

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the impact of teaching dynamic mental frameworks on test anxiety and perseverance in high school students from low socio-economic backgrounds in Arak. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all male high school students in Arak with low socio-economic status in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample included 36 male high school students from Arak with low socio-economic status, selected in three stages using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention program, lasting one month and comprising eight sessions, was implemented with the experimental group. To collect data, the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (Friedman & Jacob, 1997) and the Perseverance and Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) were used. Data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with SPSS software. The results of the analysis indicated that teaching dynamic mental frameworks significantly affected test anxiety and perseverance (p < 0.01). Therefore, by teaching this mindset to adolescents from low socio-economic backgrounds, it is possible to lay the foundation for their growth and progress in the future.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the linear and non-linear relationship between lifestyle influenced by virtual space and interpersonal forgiveness with marital reconciliation in women with marital conflicts referring to Ahvaz psychological centers. For this purpose, through one-stage cluster sampling, 154 women with marital conflicts were selected and they were asked the questionnaires of marital compromise by Spanier (1986), lifestyle influenced by the virtual space of Yang (1988), interpersonal forgiveness by Ehtshamzadeh & et al (2009) answered. The data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear and non-linear analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and marital compromise. The linear relationship between the lifestyle affected by cyberspace and marital satisfaction was not significant, but there was a significant non-linear relationship between these two variables. Also, in the regression equation, the relationship between lifestyle affected by virtual space and marital compromise was non-linear.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts, and domestic violence with marital disenchantment among housewives in Shiraz. The research employed a descriptive-correlational survey design. The statistical population consisted of all housewives in Shiraz in 2022, from which 384 participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (Young, 2005), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Domestic Violence Scale (Haj-Yahya, 1999), and the Marital Disenchantment Scale (Pines et al., 2016). Regression analysis results indicated that these three variables explained 22% of the variance in marital disenchantment. Domestic violence (B = 0.32, t = 6.985), early maladaptive schemas (B = 0.25, t = 5.437), and negative automatic thoughts (B = 0.09, t = 2.141) contributed most significantly, respectively. Furthermore, domestic violence was found to mediate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative automatic thoughts with marital disenchantment (p < 0.01). In conclusion, marital disenchantment stems from the accumulation of maladaptive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral interactions. Reducing disenchantment requires simultaneous attention to both individual factors (such as schemas and negative thoughts) and interpersonal factors (such as violence). Domestic violence functions as both a cause and a consequence of cognitive-emotional interactions, creating a vicious cycle.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training on improving social health and awareness of citizenship rights in male child laborers aged 8 to 14 years in Tehran. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included male child laborers living in centers covered by support institutions in Region 12, and using complete sampling, 32 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included Keyes' social health questionnaire (1984) and Sharifi and Islamieh's citizenship rights awareness questionnaire (2013). The intervention program included twelve sessions of life skills training based on valid psychological and social theories. The findings showed that life skills training had a significant effect on promoting awareness of citizenship rights in civil and social dimensions, but this effect was not significant in the political rights dimension. Also, a significant difference was observed between the groups in all dimensions of social health, indicating high effectiveness. Based on the findings, it can be acknowledged that educational interventions based on life skills can help sustainably improve the social status of working children, especially when accompanied by institutional support and multi-level policymaking.

Abstract This study explored the impact of psychological empowerment training on the health of mothers raising preschool children (ages 3–6). Using a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design, researchers selected 30 mothers from Shaghayegh Preschool in Yazd during the 2023 academic year through convenience sampling. These mothers were randomly divided into two equal groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group engaged in nine structured 90-minute sessions of a psychological empowerment-based educational program, meticulously developed and refined by researchers in collaboration with professors, consultants, and educational trainers during the 2022–2023 academic year. The control group, in contrast, received no intervention. Data collection was carried out using the Iranian version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. Results revealed that psychological empowerment training led to significant improvements in the physical and mental health of mothers in the intervention group (P<0.001). Additionally, maternal education level and employment status played a key role in health outcomes, with working mothers and those possessing higher educational qualifications demonstrating superior well-being. This study underscores the critical role maternal health plays in shaping both their quality of life and interactions with their children. By fostering emotional resilience and skills such as self-compassion, targeted interventions can help reduce behavioral and emotional challenges in children while strengthening parent-child connections. Ultimately, prioritizing mothers’ physical and psychological well-being during early childcare years is fundamental to ensuring the long-term mental health of future generations.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to present and test the structural model of intimate partner violence (IPV) with the mate value of self and partner in married people in the city of Isfahan and the mediating role of marital control and romantic jealousy. This research is descriptive-correlated. The statistical population of the present study included all married people in Isfahan city, 200 married men and 200 married women (n= 400) were selected using convenience sampling method. The Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the results of the study. The data was collected from the multidimensional value questionnaires of the mate values, marital jealousy, marital controlling scale, Conflict Tactics Scales, and perceived mate values. All analysis was performed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. The model results also showed that there is a relationship between the mate value of self and partner with IPV by mediating marital control, but there is no significant relationship between the mate value of self and partner with IPV by mediating marital jealousy. Therefore, according to the research findings, it can be concluded that the mediation of the marital control is effective in the relationship between mate value of self and partner and IPV.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of traumatic childhood experiences, parenting styles with the mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. In terms of the purpose, the present research is part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is a type of correlational studies. The research community consisted of all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the clinics of Isfahan city in 1403, from whom 109 people were selected as a sample. The tools of this research include Phileti's Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire (1998), personalized psychological flexibility index, Kashdan et al. (2020) Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI) Bauer et al. The analysis method of this research is path analysis, which was used to examine the causal relationships of research variables. The findings showed that, according to the calculated T-statistic values and significance levels of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, it can be said that traumatic childhood experiences, parenting styles with the mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility have an effect on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Given the qualitative nature of the present study, the method of collecting information was library-documentary. The findings showed that the core of critical thinking is cognitive skills, which, with the dominance of the traditionalist meta-view of the possibility of educating and developing critical thinking in students due to the creation of a centralized system, leads to the central role of the teacher in the classroom and the student is completely passive and does not pay attention to cognitive and meta-cognitive skills.Therefore, the curriculum needs to be reviewed and meta-perspectives taken into account for designing and compiling the curriculum, especially in the elementary grades. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that in order to achieve the ultimate goal of raising people who are able to cope with the current complex life and world, it is necessary to teach critical thinking to students from the very elementary grades;Because critical thinking is one of the essential factors in the growth and production of science, the existence of a space for criticism and thinking in scientific and research centers, the prevention of non-specialists in scientific circles, the vitality, vitality and dynamism of schools, the provision of a better environment for in-depth education and learning of students, and the encouragement of students, elites and competent people to the field of innovation play a significant role.

Abstract معنویت درمانی و تاثیر امور معنوی بر افزایش کیفیت زندگی افراد، یکی از امور مورد بحث در علم روانشناسی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی چرایی و کیفیت این تاثیرگذاری در دو مورد از شعائر اسلامی (پیاده روی بزرگ اربعین و رعایت حجاب بانوان) بر سلامت روان فرد و جامعه است. سوال اصلی این است که اجتماع بزرگ اربعین که در سال‌های گذشته به یک اجتماع عظیم جهانی تبدیل شده است و همچنین حفظ حجاب اسلامی که همواره در طول تاریخ مورد تاکید ادیان الهی بوده، از منظر علم مشاوره و روانشناسی، چرا و چگونه می‌توانند در سلامت روان افراد یک جامعه، تاثیر داشته باشد؟ این پژوهش با روشی تحلیلی- توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و همچنین استفاده از مشاهدات و تجربیات عینی برخی از افراد، به بررسی این مسأله پرداخته است. یافته‌های تحقیق فوق به شرح ذیل است: رعایت حجاب اسلامی با نیت قرب الهی و پیاده‌روی شکل گرفته در چند سال اخیر، به شوق زیارت اباعبدالله (ع)، قابل انطباق بر تعاریف علم روانشناسی از امور معنوی هستند و به همین دلیل، تاثیرگذاری آن دو بر سلامت روان، قابل پیش‌بینی است. شور و نشاط فوق العاده افراد حاضر در پیاده‌روی، مشاهده‌ی ایثار و از خودگذشتگی...

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attitude towards the use of artificial intelligence in education on promoting digital literacy, digital competence and digital media literacy. The research method was correlation-analytic with a survey approach. The statistical population included teachers working in the primary education sector in Divandarreh city in the academic year 2024-2025. The distribution method was a convenient sample (228 people). The measurement tools included the questionnaires Attitude towards Artificial Intelligence in Education by Chatterjee (2020), Digital Literacy by Rodriguez et al. (2016), Digital Competence by Bettin et al. (2023), and Media Literacy by Yazdani (2012). The tests used in this study included correlation and regression statistics. The results showed that there is a significant relationship (P> 0.05) between the attitude towards the use of artificial intelligence in education and the promotion of digital literacy, digital competence and digital media literacy of male and female teachers. Focusing on effective learning, problem-solving, AI learning, digital literacy, and information management can produce significant results for strategic policymaking. Education and training should prioritize the integration of digital literacy, digital competence, and digital media literacy education to prepare teachers for the challenges and opportunities presented by AI and other advanced technologies.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate psychopathology resulting from cancer diagnosis, emphasizing the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between personality dimensions and clinical disorders, in the cancer patient community of Urmia city. The present study was descriptive-correlational and was conducted within the framework of a clinical research on 170 cancer patients referring to Urmia medical centers in 1403. Data collection tools included the Big Five Personality Factors Questionnaire (NEO-FFI), Mentalization Scale (RFQ), and Clinical Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that neuroticism had the highest positive correlation with mental disorders (r=0.64, p<0.001) and mentalization had a negative and significant correlation with psychopathology (r=-0.53, p<0.001). Also, patients with high mentalization experienced lower levels of psychopathology. In structural equation modeling, the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between neuroticism and mental disorders was confirmed (indirect effect β=0.12, p<0.01) and the model fit indices (CFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.06) were assessed as appropriate. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that personality traits and patients' mentalization capacity have a significant effect on psychopathology resulting from a cancer diagnosis.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between five personality factors and psychopathology in patients with malignant tumors under chronic stress. The study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational method and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population was all patients with malignant tumors in Urmia who referred to medical centers between October 1403 and July 1404. The sample consisted of 200 people (54% female and 46% male) who were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included the Five Personality Factors Questionnaire (NEO-FFI), the Mentalization Scale (RFQ), and the Psychopathology Test (DASS-21). The data were analyzed by correlation and structural equation modeling. The results showed that neuroticism had the highest positive correlation with psychopathology (r=0.57), while mentalization showed a strong negative correlation with psychopathology (r=-0.53). The proposed structural model had a good fit (CFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.06) and showed that mentalization has a strong mediating role. Participants with higher levels of mentalization showed more positive behaviors and attitudes and a more effective capacity to cope with the stress of illness. The findings emphasize that the five personality factors, and especially neuroticism, are strong predictors of psychopathology in patients with malignant tumors.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive self-talk training with a cognitive-behavioral approach in Arabic on marital intimacy in married Arab-speaking women with cancer in Urmia city. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included married Arab-speaking women aged 25 to 55 with cancer who had referred to Urmia medical centers in the first half of 1404 (1425 AH). Among the eligible subjects, 30 were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 each). The data collection tool was the Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (Arabic version). The experimental group received positive self-talk training with a cognitive-behavioral approach in Arabic for 8 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using the multivariate covariance test. The results showed that after controlling for the pretest effect, there was a significant difference between the two groups in overall marital intimacy and emotional, verbal, and sexual dimensions (P<0.001). The greatest effect of the intervention was observed on emotional intimacy. These findings indicate that positive self-talk training in the mother tongue can improve marital intimacy in women with cancer.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate and analyze the neurobiological mechanisms affecting anxiety and depression in cancer patients in Urmia city and to determine the role of the main neurobiological indicators (cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function) during the period from October 1403 to April 1404. The research design was descriptive-analytical and the statistical population included all cancer patients referred to Urmia medical centers. Sampling was done using a stratified random method, and therefore 150 people were included in the study. Data collection tools included standard anxiety and depression questionnaires and neurobiological laboratory measurements (serum cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels). The results showed that the average anxiety and depression scores were at a moderate to severe level. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were higher than normal in most people, and serotonin levels were lower than the normal range. A significant correlation was observed between increased cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone with the severity of depression and anxiety (p<0.01), while decreased serotonin and dopamine were also associated with increased symptoms. Stepwise regression model showed that neurobiological variables predict a significant part of the variance in emotional symptoms of anxiety and depression. The findings indicate a significant role of neurobiological abnormalities in the severity and incidence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of poetry therapy with an emphasis on Arabic literature in reducing psychological distress in Arab-speaking cancer patients living in Urmia. This study attempts to explore the role of cultural-indigenous interventions in promoting the psychological health of cancer patients. The present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included Arabic-speaking patients referred to Urmia medical centers from October 1403 to July 1404. Forty patients (20 in the experimental group, 20 in the control group) were selected using a convenient sampling method. The research instrument was the K10 psychological distress questionnaire. The experimental group underwent poetry therapy interventions based on selected poems from Arabic literature in eight sixty-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test. The results showed that the level of psychological distress of the participants in the experimental group after the intervention was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p<0.05, F=10.34, η²=0.22). Also, dimensional analysis indicated a significant reduction in the anxiety (p=0.007, F=8.90) and worry (p=0.026, F=5.32) subscales of the experimental group. These results confirm the effectiveness of poetry therapy based on native literature in improving the mental health of people with chronic diseases.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy intervention on promoting happiness and adaptive behaviors and reducing maladaptive behaviors in children with cancer aged 7 to 13 years in Urmia city. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test method with a control group. The statistical population included all children with cancer aged 7 to 13 years who had referred to Urmia medical centers between January 2004 and June 2005. 40 children were selected through convenient and purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (20 people). The experimental group underwent cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for 8 60-minute sessions, and the control group received only usual medical care. The measurement tools were the Children with Cancer Happiness Scale (MSCS) and the Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (BASC-2). Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and SPSS software. The results showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in happiness scores (F=12.76; p<0.01; Eta²=0.35) and adaptive behavior (F=9.34; p<0.01; Eta²=0.29) compared to the control group, and a significant decrease in maladaptive behavior (F=10.25; p<0.01; Eta²=0.30). The findings of the study confirm the positive effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on improving happiness and behavior in children with cancer.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the latent growth patterns of academic engagement and effort among secondary school students and the role of socioeconomic status and prior academic performance in individual differences in these patterns. The research was longitudinal, utilizing latent growth curve modeling. The population consisted of 10th to 12th-grade students in Darab city during the 2022-2023 academic year, with a sample of 600 students selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected over four waves (October to January) using Fredricks’ (2004) Academic Engagement Questionnaire, Pintrich and De Groot’s (1990) Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Ghodratnama’s (1392) Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire, and students’ GPA as an indicator of academic performance. Results indicated a linear, declining trend in both academic engagement and effort over the year. Significant variances in intercepts and slopes confirmed individual differences. A negative correlation (r=-0.27, p<0.05) was found between initial levels and decline rates. Socioeconomic status and prior academic performance positively and significantly influenced initial levels and growth rates. The model showed good statistical fit. The findings highlight the need for school-based interventions and support for disadvantaged students to sustain academic motivation and effort.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and tolerance of ambiguity in predicting self-control. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included all students of Payam Noor University in Ray in 2017, of which 186 were selected as the research sample using the available sampling method. The self-control scale of Grasmick et al. (1993), the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire of Garnevsky and Kraij (2002), and the tolerance of ambiguity questionnaire of Lane et al. (1993) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression with simultaneous method. The results showed that negative emotion regulation has a significant direct relationship with self-control and positive emotion regulation has a significant inverse relationship with self-control. However, no significant relationship was observed between tolerance of ambiguity and self-control. Also, among the predictor variables, only negative emotion regulation was able to significantly predict the self-control variable. Therefore, it can be concluded that negative cognitive emotion regulation is an important antecedent in explaining poor self-control, and training individuals to reduce the use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies can help strengthen self-control.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of integrated self-knowledge in relation to family emotional climate and women's self-control. The present study was descriptive, correlational, and based on structural equations. The statistical population included all married women in District 4 of Mashhad in 2023-2024, from which 173 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the Morgan table and convenience sampling method. Research instruments included the Hillburn Family Emotional Climate Questionnaire (1964), the Tangeni et al. Self-Control Scale (2004), and the Ghorbani et al. Integrated Self-Awareness Scale (2008). Data were analyzed based on structural equation modeling using AMOS version 20 software. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the emotional climate and women's self-control. Emotional climate had a significant direct effect on women's integrated self-knowledge. Integrated self-knowledge also has a significant direct effect on women's self-control. By entering the integrated self-knowledge variable into the model, the indirect effect of family emotional climate on women's self-control became positive and significant. As a result, it can be said that integrated self-knowledge can play a mediating role in the relationship between family emotional climate and women's self-control.

Abstract Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of psychodrama on cognitive emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and academic resilience among students with test anxiety. A quasi-experimental design with pretest–posttest, control group, and follow-up was employed. The population included all male and female secondary school students in Baneh during the 2024–2025 academic year. From 200 students referred by school counselors, 30 who scored below 30 on Friedman’s Test Anxiety Questionnaire were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Instruments included the Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al.), and Samuels’ Academic Resilience Scale. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of psychodrama, while the control group received no intervention.

Repeated measures ANCOVA indicated that psychodrama significantly enhanced adaptive emotion regulation strategies (acceptance, positive reappraisal, refocusing, and perspective-taking) and reduced maladaptive strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame). In addition, students in the experimental group showed significant improvements in self-efficacy and academic resilience compared with the control group. These positive changes persisted at a two-month follow-up assessment.

Overall, the findings support psychodrama as an effective intervention for improving cognitive emotion regulation, fostering self-efficacy, and strengthening academic resilience among students with test anxiety. Incorporating psychodrama into counseling services and educational programs may provide a practical strategy for addressing academic stress and enhancing students’ psychological resources.

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Abstract The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation training and self-control training on self-control and emotional adjustment of students with oppositional defiant disorder. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all children aged 8 to 12 years in Shiraz who had been referred to psychological clinics in this city and had been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder. To select the sample, 45 children were randomly selected from among these children in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The method of selecting the sample group was simple random. After selecting the subjects, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: the first experimental group (emotion regulation training), the second experimental group (self-control training), and the control group. To diagnose oppositional defiant disorder, the Homerson, Murray, Ohan, and Johnson (2006) Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale was used, to measure self-control, the Humphrey Children's Perceived Self-Control Scale (1982), and to measure emotional adjustment, the Crick & Grotpeter (1995) Emotional-Social Adjustment Questionnaire was used. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance test showed both methods of emotion regulation training and self-control training have a significant effect on the self-control and emotional adjustment of students with oppositional behavior disorder. The effectiveness of emotion regulation training and self-control training on the self-control and emotional adjustment students with oppositional behavior disorder is not different. As a result, each of these interventions can be used in counseling and psychotherapy centers to improve self-control and increase children's adjustment.

Abstract This study, employing a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group, investigated the effectiveness of the "Philosophy for Children" program on holistic learning and learning motivation. The statistical population consisted of fourth to sixth-grade students in Tehran's public elementary schools during the 2022-2023 academic year. From this population, 120 students were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (60 students) or a control group (60 students). The experimental group received training in the "Philosophy for Children" program over 10 sessions. Data collection tools included a researcher-made holistic learning questionnaire, the standardized Harter Learning Motivation Questionnaire, and a structured observation checklist. The data were analyzed using independent t-tests, paired t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance. The findings revealed that implementing the program had a significant positive effect on increasing holistic learning and enhancing the learning motivation of students in the experimental group. A significant positive correlation was also observed between these two variables. Qualitative data from observations indicated the strengthening of critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and social interaction skills among the students. The program's impact was similar for both girls and boys; however, sixth-grade students showed greater improvement compared to the lower grades. In conclusion, the "Philosophy for Children" program, as an effective educational strategy, can help foster students' intellectual, emotional, social, and moral dimensions simultaneously by creating a dynamic, inquiry-based community environment, thereby increasing their intrinsic motivation to learn.

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. This study aimed to quantitatively synthesize research on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing ADHD symptoms through a meta-analysis. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies conducted between 2011 and July 2023 were analyzed. From these studies, 19 effect sizes were extracted, and after removing one outlier, the fixed effect size was 1.30, and the random effect size was 1.47. Moderating variables, such as the type of educational and non-pharmacological interventions, gender, number of sessions, and age, were also examined. The results indicated significant differences in effect sizes across studies based on these variables. This study emphasizes that sustained non-pharmacological educational interventions, especially when initiated at an early age, can lead to a reduction in ADHD symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions and targeted educational approaches in managing ADHD.

Abstract This qualitative study, employing a documentary-library method, analyzed the dimensions of the transformative meta-perspective for designing a curriculum based on educational justice. Findings indicate that a justice-oriented curriculum, informed by trans-personal, social change, and humanistic approaches, requires key elements. These include addressing learners' individual and social needs, fostering decision-making skills, valuing student choice, and ensuring cognitive and emotional engagement. Furthermore, it necessitates emphasizing individual and social values, cultural differences, a fair attitude among designers, expert consultation, and public participation. The curriculum should also aim to cultivate critical citizens with reasoning and persuasion skills, and enhance creativity by balancing intuitive and analytical thinking. The study concludes that implementing such a curriculum through a transformative lens ensures equitable resource distribution, impartial educational laws, and the elimination of gender, ethnic, and racial discrimination in assessment, thereby achieving comprehensive educational justice for all.

Abstract The present study aimed to model the structural relationship between media literacy and resilience mediated by cognitive emotion regulation in high school students in Qom. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is of the structural equation modeling type in terms of its descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population of this study consisted of male and female students in Qom province who were studying in secondary schools in the academic year 2021-2022. The sample group consisted of 700 people (350 girls and 350 boys) who were selected using the cluster sampling method; Thus, from among the 4 educational districts of Qom province, 8 schools (4 for girls and 4 for boys) were randomly selected, and 88 students from each school were included in the study. In this study, questionnaire tools (Toman Media Literacy Questionnaire, 1995, Garnevsky et al.'s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, 2001 and Connor-Davidson's Resilience Questionnaire (2003) were used to collect data related to the variables. All statistical analyses were performed at the 0.05 error level using SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. The findings indicate a positive and significant direct effect of media literacy on resilience. On the other hand, the effect of media literacy on resilience is also positive and significant indirectly and mediated by cognitive emotion regulation. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from promoting media literacy and cognitive emotion regulation in a consistent manner by planning correctly to increase students' resilience.

Abstract This study was conducted to examine the mediating role of dark personality traits in the relationship between childhood trauma history and interpersonal problems among married individuals. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all married individuals in Khorasan Razavi province in the year 2023. The research sample consisted of 300 individuals who were selected using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Dark Personality Traits Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using path analysis while observing statistical assumptions in SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that Machiavellianism and narcissism do not mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal problems (p<0.05). Antagonism, however, mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal problems (p>0.05). Therefore, considering the dark personality trait of antagonism and the history of childhood trauma, it is suggested that necessary educational programs be implemented to reduce interpersonal problems among married individuals.

Abstract The present study investigates the mediating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between self-esteem and marital adjustment in couples in Shahriar city. The statistical population of this study is married teachers.

Shahriar County, for which purpose a sample of 220 people was selected from them using a simple random sampling method and a 40-question questionnaire on spiritual well-being was administered.

Eysenck's self-esteem questionnaire and the 15-item Locke-Wallace questionnaire were distributed among them, and

The desired comparisons were completed by them. The average age of the respondents was about 36 years. The statistical method of regression correlation and Sobel test was used for data analysis;

This relationship showed that there is a weak positive relationship between spiritual well-being and marital adjustment. There is no significant relationship between spiritual well-being and self-esteem. There is also a significant but inverse relationship between self-esteem and adjustment, meaning that with an increase in the self-esteem score, the adjustment score decreases and vice versa. In addition, the effect of the spiritual well-being variable as a non-moderator in the relationship between self-esteem and marital adjustment of Iranian couples was not significant.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles and aggression in students of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch. Based on the theoretical foundations of attachment, early emotional patterns are expected to play an important role in emotion regulation and the emergence of interpersonal behaviors; therefore, aggression, as one of the important emotional outcomes in adolescence, can be affected by these styles. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 269 students who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data collection tools included the Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and simultaneous multiple regression. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between secure attachment and aggression, and a positive and significant relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment and aggression. Also, attachment styles explained a total of 27% of the variance in aggression; so that secure and avoidant attachment were significant predictors of aggression, but ambivalent attachment did not have a significant predictive power. Based on the results, it can be concluded that attachment style plays an important role in explaining aggressive behaviors of students, and strengthening secure attachment and emotion regulation skills can help reduce aggression and improve their social adjustment.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on self-disabling in obese adolescent girls. This study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all obese adolescent girls aged 13 to 16 years old in the first secondary schools of Tehran in the academic year 2024-2025. After initial mental health screening with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), 30 eligible individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment group therapy, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Jones and Rodewalt (1982) Self-Disabling Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. At the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation indices were calculated, and at the inferential level, univariate analysis of covariance and univariate follow-up tests were used. The results showed that the experimental group showed a significant decrease in self-handicapping compared to the control group (F = 24.81, p < 0.001, η² = 0.50). Accordingly, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment group therapy is effective in reducing negative cognitive processes, including self-handicapping, in obese adolescents and can be used as an efficient intervention to improve the mental health of this group.

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice (PICK) Program on fear of marriage in students. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population included single students of Al-Mahdi Mehr Institute of Higher Education in Isfahan in the academic year 2023-2024, from whom 30 people were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each). The Premarital Fears Questionnaire by Samiei et al. (2013) was used to collect data. The experimental group underwent group training in the interpersonal awareness and choice program based on the One-Up model (2007) for 9 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the aforementioned training significantly reduced students' fear of marriage (P<0.05). Also, the effectiveness of training based on the square of eta was 68 percent, respectively. The research findings indicate that premarital training based on the interpersonal awareness and choice program can be used as an effective educational intervention to prepare young people to consciously choose a spouse and reduce concerns related to marriage. By increasing cognitive and interpersonal skills, this program helps students have a more realistic understanding of relationships and be more capable in the process of making marriage decisions.

Abstract Older adults are considered a vulnerable group due to physical, emotional, and cognitive changes, and anxiety disorders can exacerbate their mental health challenges. Illness anxiety disorder, characterized by a persistent fear of having a serious illness despite medical reassurance, has considerable psychological consequences for this population. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on the psychological health of an older adult diagnosed with illness anxiety disorder. A single-subject experimental design with an A-B-A baseline scheme was employed. Among older adults referred to a psychiatric clinic in October 2023, one participant was selected based on inclusion criteria using purposive sampling. The MBSR intervention was delivered over eight 90-minute sessions. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using visual inspection at both within-phase and between-phase levels using SPSS and Excel software. The results indicated that the mindfulness intervention enhanced the participant's psychological health, with scores during the eight intervention sessions and the follow-up phase showing a significant decrease (reflecting improved health) compared to the baseline. The Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND) was 75%, indicating the clinical effectiveness of the intervention. It appears that mindfulness, by fostering non-judgmental awareness and reducing rumination, may serve as an effective strategy for improving mental health in older adults with illness anxiety disorder.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare emotional schemas, early maladaptive schemas and resilience in divorced couples and living couples. The purpose of this study was descriptive-causal-comparative. The statistical population included divorced and living couples in Qom, of which 100 divorced couples (50 men and 50 women) referred to the Shahid Qudusi Court in Qom and 100 couples (50 men and 50 women). Live samples were selected by available sampling method. Leahy emotional schema questionnaire, Yang maladaptive schema questionnaire and Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was a significant difference at the level of α = 0.05 between the research variables (emotional schemas, primary maladaptive schemas and couple resilience) in the two groups of couples divorcing and living (0.000 = sig). Thus, the mean scores of emotional schemas and the scores of early maladaptive schemas are significantly higher for divorced couples, but the mean scores of resilience are significantly lower than for normal couples. Therefore, according to the obtained results, there is a difference between emotional schemas, initial maladaptive schemas and fertility in divorced couples and living couples that need to be studied and considered before marriage.

Abstract Background and Purpose: The main goal of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the FoMO scale's consistency among Iranian adolescents and young adults Method: This research was a correlational study, the research population consisted of 380 Iranian teenagers and young adults aged 16 to 24 who were studying in schools and universities in Ardabil in 1400, and were selected by convenience sampling. The tools used FoMO fear of loss questionnaire were measured by an 18-question questionnaire, which was changed compared to the original questionnaire that included 10 questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to check the evidence of its structural validity. To check the construct validity Internal correlation and factor analysis were used. Findings: The findings showed that the developed fear of loss questionnaire with three subscales of loss, compulsion and comparison and 18 questions has good reliability, validity and suitability in terms of psychometrics, The confirmatory factor structure also confirmed the proposed three-factor model of the mentioned questionnaire. Conclusion: The fear of loss factor analysis questionnaire can be used to diagnose and help teenagers and young people at risk of social network damage.

Keywords: Fear of missing, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, adolescents, youth

Abstract Aim and Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of commitment-based therapy on Anhedonia, Meaning in Life, Emotional Empathy, Child Parent Relationship and Quality of Life in Children, in Mothers of Children With Cancer.

Methods and Materials: The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test with a one-month follow-up test with a control group. The sample consisted of 36 mothers of children with cancer who visited Omid Shahr Hospital in Isfahan during the second 6 months of 1402. The subjects were selected by random sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. the lack of hedonism questionnaire of Snit et al. (1995); Questionnaire of meaning in life Stegar et al. (2006); Emotional Empathy Questionnaire of Mehrabian and Epstein (1972); Pianta's Parent-Child Relationship Scale (1994); Children's quality of life scale was Varney, Sid, Curtin (2003). Also, mothers received 8 sessions of 90-minute commitment and acceptance therapy based on Westrup and Wright (2017) and Gilbert's compassion therapy (2009) were used to collect data and the collected data were analyzed with the help of Spss-23 software.

Findings: The findings showed that in the experimental group, the difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores of lack of enjoyment of meaning in life, emotional empathy, parent-child relationship and child's quality of life is significant (P<0.01), but in The control group is not significant.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of transtheoretical pattern therapy (TTM) therapy with short-term solution-oriented therapy (SFBT) on spontaneous thoughts, cognitive flexibility and self-differentiation in male patients with Pethidine and MDMA. The method of the present study is an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The sample includes two intervention groups and a control group (15 people in each group) from all patients. Volunteer (willingness) and collection plan for drug addicts (welfare screening) accepted in the medium-term residential rehabilitation institute (Camp) Omid Iman Rahaei - Article 15 center - located in Mahdasht, Alborz province, which was selected by non-random sampling method And were randomly assigned to the intervention group (E1-E2) and the control group. The statistical models of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were tested to test the research hypotheses. There is a significant difference between short-term solution-based therapy (SFBT) in male patients with Pethidine and MDMA.

Abstract Due to the prevalence of Covid-19, disease anxiety has increased, especially among nurses. The aim of this study was to predict disease anxiety through mindfulness and psychological Flexibility during the Covid-19 era. The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population of the study included nurses of Covid-19 hospitals in 2020. Out of 450 qualified nurses, 250 nurses were selected as the sample by convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires including Corona Anxiety Scale, Mindfulness Questionnaire and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (second edition) online. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between corona anxiety with mindfulness and psychological Flexibility. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that mindfulness and psychological Flexibility can significantly predict 21% of changes in nurses' disease anxiety. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary planning be done to reduce corona disease anxiety in nurses during epidemics.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the process of symptom improvement in patients with depression undergoing Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP). The research employed a single-case experimental design with multiple baselines and follow-up assessments. The participants were conscripted soldiers diagnosed with major depressive disorder from a military unit in Isfahan, during spring 2024. Three participants were selected through purposive sampling and individually received the ISTDP protocol based on Davanloo’s (1995) method in 8 weekly 90-minute sessions. Assessment using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was conducted across 12 time points: 4 baselines (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before the initial session), 4 interventions (post sessions 2, 4, 6, and 8), and 4 follow-up stages (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-treatment). Data analysis involved visual charting, percentage improvement, and Reliable Change Index (RCI) measures. Results indicated a downward trend in BDI-II scores beginning at intervention, with improvement sustained through one-month follow-up, supporting ISTDP as a viable treatment option for depression.

Abstract Abstract

Purpose: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of self-compassion-based therapy on overt and hidden anxiety, health-promoting behaviors, and pulse pressure in cardiovascular patients.

Method: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all cardiovascular patients admitted to Khatam Al Anbia Hospital in Gonbad city in 2022. 30 patients were selected as samples and were randomly placed in 2 experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 60-minute therapy focused on compassion, and the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the study. Research tools included Spielberger's overt and covert anxiety questionnaires (1983), Walker's health-promoting behaviors (1983). Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and using spss software version 24.

Findings: The research results showed that the therapy based on self-compassion is effective on overt and hidden anxiety, health-promoting behaviors and pulse pressure of cardiovascular patients (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the therapy focused on compassion, by using the required cognitive skills and thought control, leads to a reduction of overt and hidden anxiety, an increase in health-promoting behaviors, and an improvement in the pulse pressure of cardiovascular patients.