فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در مشاوره

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

مروری بر مغز اخلاقی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی عمومی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی عمومی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

یکی از موضوعات اصلی در بحث زیست­ شناسی قرن بیست و یکم ترقی و پیشرفت انسانی است که از مزیت های زیادی همچون رشد شناختی و زیباشناسی برخوردار است. با این حال یکی از رویکردهای مهم در این عرصه «تقویت اخلاق» است. جامعه­ای با اکثریت مردم اخلاق­ مدار، یک رویای تاریخی برای بشریت محسوب می­شود. افراد از نظر استدلال اخلاقی با یکدیگر متفاوت هستند، اما فرایند دخیل در این تفاوتها در مغز تا حدودی شناخته شده است؛ به عبارتی تنوع افراد در درک ارزشهای اخلاقی ممکن است با تغییرات منطقه­ای در ساختار مغزی مرتبط باشد. در این مقاله مروری کلیه مقالات چاپ شده ده سال اخیر در حیطه اخلاق مورد بررسی قرار گرفت . این جستجو از طریق پایگاههای علمی معتبر گوگل اسکولر، اسکوپوس و پاب مد انجام شده و اطلاعات لازم استخراج گردید. اخلاق در سطح عملکرد یکپارچه است، نه در سطح شناختی  به این معنی که «هسته اخلاقی» وجود ندارد و هیچ ناحیه و یا ساختار معلوم و معینی که بتواند اخلاق و یا حتی ایده ­پردازی و برنامه­ریزی رفتار اخلاقی را در فرد نشان دهد، وجود ندارد اطلاعات اخلاقی در مناطق گوناگونی از مغز همچون گیجگاهی، آهیانه جلویی و پیشانی پردازش می­شوند، اما می­توان اخلاق را به عنوان تابعی از ادغام حداکثری با احساسات، شناخت اجتماعی و سایر حساسیتها در نظر گرفت که با استفاده از سازمان­دهی ساختارهای شناختی، یک جهان مشترک از روابط انسانی را به تصویر می­کشد و در زندگی اجتماعی به کار گرفته می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of the moral brain

نویسندگان [English]

  • ahmad alipour 1
  • azita kharaman 2
  • Azar Mirzajan Tabrizi 3

1 Professor of Psychology Department, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 phd student of general psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Master of General Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

One of the main topics in the discussion of biology in the 21st century is human development, which has many advantages such as cognitive development and aesthetics. However, one of the important approaches in this field is "strengthening ethics". A society with a majority of moral people is considered a historical dream for humanity. Individuals differ from each other in terms of moral reasoning, but the process involved in these differences in the brain is somewhat known; In other words, the diversity of people in understanding moral values may be related to regional changes in brain structure. In this review article, all articles published in the last ten years in the field of ethics were examined. This search was done through Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed scientific databases and the necessary information was extracted. Ethics is integrated at the level of performance, not at the cognitive level, which means that there is no "moral core" and no known and definite area or structure that can show ethics or even ideation and planning of ethical behavior in an individual. , there is no moral information is processed in different areas of the brain such as temporal, frontal and frontal, but ethics can be considered as a function of maximum integration with emotions, social cognition and other sensitivities, which is done by using the organization Cognitive structures depict a common world of human relations and are used in social life.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Moral brain
  • moral pathways
  • neuroethics
مراجع
  • Addis D R , Wong A T, & Schacter D L. (2007). Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1363-1377.
  • Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan T V , Tranel D, Schyns P , & Damasio AR (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdale damage, Neuron, 433, 68-72.
  • Alvarez-Diaz (2013). Neuroethics as the neuroscience of ethics. Review Neurology, 57, 374-382.
  • Aliakbari M, Alipor A, Dornajafi Shirazi M. (2015). The effect of storytelling on moral intelligence components of preschool female students in Isfahan city. Social Cognition Vol. 3,NO. 2, (Series 6).[ Persian]
  • Alipor A, Abaspor P, Ghorbani T, Kamassi S. (2014) . Comparison of Empathy, Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Top Left and Left Medical and Paramedical Students. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, Year 4, Issue 3.[Persian]
  • Amit E, & Greene J D. (2012). You see, the ends don’t justify the means: Visual imagery and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 23, 861-868.
  • Alvaro-Gonzalez LC. (2014). Neuroethics: Moral pathways in normal brain. Review Neurology, 58, 225-233.
  • Andrews-Hanna JR , Reidler JS, Sepulcre J, Poulin R, & Buckner RL (2010). Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network. Neuron, 6, 550-562.
  • Bartels D M. (2008). Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition, 108, 381-417.
  • Bernhard R M , Chaponis J, Siburian R, Gallagher P, Ransohoff K, Wikler  D ,Perlis R H, & Greene J D. (2016). Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with differences in moral judgment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 34, 1-10.
  • Bertossi E, Aleo F, Braghittoni D, & Ciaramelli E. (2016). Stuck in the here and now: construction of fictitious and future experiences following ventromedial prefrontal damage. Neuropsychologia, 81, 107-116.
  • Bebeau M J, Monson B E . (2008) Guided by theory, grounded in evidence: a way forward for professional ethics education. In: Nucci LP, Narvaez D (eds) Handbook of moral and character education. Routledge, New York, pp 557–582.
  • Blair M. (2007). Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 54, 604-627,
  • Buckner R L, & Carroll D C .(2006). Self-projection and the brain. Trends of Cognitive Science, 11, 49-57.
  • Catani M, Dell’acqua F, & Thiebaut de Schotten M. (2013). A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 37, 1724-1737.
  • Chen C, Decety J, Huang P C, Chen CY, & Cheng Y. (2016). Testosterone administration in females modulates moral judgment and patterns of brain activation and functional connectivity. Human Brain Mapping, 37, 34-45.
  • Craig D C. (2002). How do you feel? Interception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Neuron, 50, 655-66.
  • Crockett M J. (2013). Models of morality. Trends of Cognitive Science, 17, 49-57.
  • Cushman F. (2013). Action, outcome, and value: a dual-system framework for morality. Social Psychology Review, 17, 273-292.
  • Douglas T. (2008). Moral Enhancement. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 25, 228-45.
  • Eagly A H, & Karau S J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.
  • FeldmanHall O, Mobbs D, & Dalgleish T. (2014). Deconstructing the brains moral network: dissociable functionality between the temporoparietal junction and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex. SCAN, 9, 297-306.
  • Funk G, & Gazzaniga M. (2009). The functional brain architecture of human morality. Current Neurobiology, 45, 678-681.
  • Fumagalli M , Ferrucci R , Mameli F , Marceglia S , Mrakic- Sposta S , Zago S , . . . Priori A. (2010).Gender-related differences in moral judgments. Cognitive Processing, 11, 219-226.
  • Gert B, Gert J, Zalta EN. (2016) The definition of morality. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy 2016. https ://plato .stanf ord.edu/archi ves/spr20 16/entri es/moraldefin ition . Accessed 16Nov 2016
  • Gallese V. (2011). The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology, 43, 171-180.
  • Garrigan B, Adlam A L R, & Langdon P E. (2016). The neural correlates of moral decision-making: A systematic review and meta-analysis of moral evaluations and response decision judgements. Brain and Cognition, 5, 88-97.
  • Gillett G, & Franz E. (2014). Evolutionary neurology, responsive equilibrium, and the moral brain. Consciousness and Cognition, 45, 245-250.
  • Gibbs J C. (2013). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press.
  • Giordano J, Becker K, & Shook J R. (2016). On the “Neuroscience of Ethics” - Approaching the Neuroethical Literature as a Rational Discourse on Putative Neural Processes of Moral Cognition and Behavior. Neurology Neuromedicine, 50, 32-36.
  • Giorgini V, Gibson C, Mecca J T, Medeiros KE, Mumford MD, Connelly S, Devenport L D. (2016). Differences in Biases and Compensatory Strategies Across Discipline, Rank, and Gender among University Academics: Published in final edited form as: Sci Eng Ethics. 2015 December; 21(6): 1551–1579.
  • De Neys W, Glumicic T. (2008). Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of reasoning. Cognition 106, 1248–1299 .
  • Greene J D , Nystrom L E, Engell A D, Darley J M , Cohen J D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 44, 389–400
  • Greene J D, Morelli S A, Lowenberg K , Nystrom L E, & Cohen J D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107, 1144-1154.
  • Greene J D. (2015). The rise of moral cognition. Cognition, 135, 39-42.
  • Han H , Jenong C, Chen  G, & Clover G H. (2016). Influence of the cortical midline structures on moral emotion and motivation in moral decision-making. Behavioral Brain Research, 302, 237-251.
  • Hare TA, Camerer C F, Knoepfle  D T, & Rangel  (2010). Value computations in ventral medial prefrontal cortex during charitable decision making incorporate input from regions involved in social cognition. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal ofthe Society for Neuroscience, 30, 583-590.
  • Haidt J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychol. Rev. 108, 814–834 .
  • Hu C, & Jiang (2014). An emotion regulation role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in moral judgment.  Human Neuroscience, 8, 865-873.
  • Immordino-Yang M H, McColl A , Damasio H , Damasio  (2009). Neural correlates of admiration and compassion. National Academy Science, 106, 8021-8026.
  • Janowski V , Camerer C, & Rangel (2013). Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated by social processing implemented in IPL. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 201-208.
  • Jebari (2014). What to Enhance: Behaviour, Emotion or Disposition? Neuroethics, 7, 253-261.
  • Jones D J. (2013). Moral Enhancement as a Technological Imperative. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 65, 187-195.
  • Jung W H , Prehn K, Fang Z, Korczykowski  M , Kable  JW , Rao  H, & Robertson  D C. (2016). Moral competence and brain connectivity: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuroimage, 141, 408-415.
  • Kharaman A, & zare h. (2020). A meta-analysis on gender differences in ethical decision making. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology of Social Cognition, Volume 9, Number 1, Consecutive (17), pp. 51-60.[ Persian]
  • Koenigs M , Young L , Adolphs R, Tranel D , Cushman F, & Hauser (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian. Moral Judgements, 446, 908-911.
  • KoLb B, & Wishaw J K. (2016). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. Translated by Ahmad Alipor, Mojgan Agah Harris, Abdolreza Mansouri Rad, Ataullah Mohammadi, Tehran: Arjmand Publications.
  • LeDoux J, Adolphs R , Dolan  R, & Amaral  (2002). The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 5, 7-11.
  • Iwry J, Yaden D, Newberg A. (2017). Noninvasive brain stimulation and personal identity: ethical considerations. Front Hum Neurosci 11:281.
  • Lewis G J, Kanai R, Bates T C, & Rees  (2012). Moral values are associated with individual differences in regional brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 1657-1663.
  • Marques J F , Canessa N , Cappa S. (2009). Neural differences in the processing of true and false sentences: insights into the nature of ‘truth' in language comprehension. Cortex, 45, 759-768.
  • Maeda Y, Thoma SJ, Bebeau (2009) Understanding the relationship between moral judgment development and individual characteristics: the role of educational contexts. J Educ Psychol 101:233–247.
  • McCormick C, Rosenthal C R , Miller T D, & Maguire E A. (2016). Hippocampal Damage Increases Deontological Responses during Moral Decision Making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 12157-12167.
  • Moll J, de Oliviera-Souza R, Eslinger P. (2003). Morals and the human brain. Neuroreport 14, 299–305
  • Moll J, De Oliveira-Souza R , & Zahn  (2008). The neural basis of moral cognition: sentiments, concepts, and values. New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 161-180.
  • Moll J, Schulkin J. (2009). Social attachment and aversion in human moral cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33, 456–465.
  • Nequee F, Alipor A. (2019). Compare social intelligence and prosocial students according to their handness. Social Psychology Research, No. 34,[Persian]
  • O’Neil E B, Newsome RN, Li I H, Thavabalasingam S I, & Lee  (2015). Examining the role of the human hippocampus in approach-avoidance decision making using a novel conflict paradigm and multivariate functional magnetic resonance emaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 15039-15049.
  • Persson (2012). Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 192-216.
  • Persson I, & Savulescu (2008). The perils of cognitive enhancement and the Nurgent imperative to enhance the moral character of humanity. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 25, 162-177.
  • Prehn K, & Heekeren (2009). Moral judgment and the brain: A functional approach to the question of emotion and cognition in moral judgment integrating psychology, neuroscience and evolutionary biology. Netherlands, 15, 129-154.
  • Regan MB, Chaponis J, Siburian R, Gallagher P , Ransohoff K , Wikler D, Perlis  RH, & Greene  (2016). Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with differences in moral judgment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 50, 1-10.
  • Rosen JB, Brand M and Kalbe E. (2016). Empathy Mediates the Effects of Age and Sex on Altruistic Moral Decision Making: ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 12 April.
  • Roskies (2002). Neuroethics for the new millennium, Neuron, 35, 21-23.
  • Ruggieri VL. (2013). Empathy, social cognition and autism spectrum disorders. Review Neurology, 51, 13-21.
  • Safire M. (2004). Introduction to Neuroethics: Mapping the Field. New York: Dana Press.
  • Santens P V,anschoenbeek G, Miatton M L,etter MD. (2018). The moral brain and moral behaviour in patients with Parkinson’sdisease: a review of the literature. Belgian Neurological Society 2018.
  • Schnall S, Haidt J, Clore GL, Jordan ( 2008) . Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 34 (8):1096–109.
  • Shenhav A, & Greene (2014). Integrative moral judgment: dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 4741-4749.
  • Shook JR, Galvagni L, & Giordano J. (2014). Cognitive enhancement kept within contexts: neuroethics and informed public policy. Frontal System Neuroscience, 5, 222-228.
  • Sinaci M. (2018). Neuroethics and Moral Enhancement: The Path to a Moral World? Applied Ethics: From Bioethics to Environmental Ethics. Trivent Publishing.
  • Strohminger N, Lewis R L, & Meyer D E. (2011). Divergent effects of different positive emotions on moral judgment. Cognition, 119, 295-300.
  • Szekely RD, & Miu (2015). Bridging cognition and emotion in moral decision making: Role of emotion regulation. Nova Science Press.
  • Tomova L, von Dawans B, Heinrichs M, Silani G, & Lamm C. (2014). Is stress affecting our ability to tune into others? Evidence for gender differences in the effects of stress on self-other distinction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. Psyneuenology, 10, 1010-1016.
  • Wagner U, N’Diaye K , Ethofer T , & Vuilleumier (2011). Guilt-specific processing in the prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 21:2461-2470
  • Walter H. (2012). Social cognitive neuroscience of empathy: concepts, circuits, and genes. Emotion Review, 4, 9-17.
  • Walker LJ, Frimer J A, & Dunlop W L. (2010). Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism. Journal of personality, 78(3), 907-942.
  • Young L, Camprodon JA , Hauser M, Pascual-Leone  A , & Saxe  (2010). Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 6753-6758.
  • Young L, & Saxe R. (2009). An FMRI investigation of spontaneous mental state inference for moral judgment. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1396-1405.
  • Zaki J, & Ochsner (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise. National Neurospychology, 50,  675-680.
  • Zhu N, Hawk ST, & Chang L.(2018). Living Slow and Being Moral Life History Predicts the Dual Process of Other-Centered Reasoning and Judgments. Hum Nat ,29:186–209.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در مشاوره
دوره 3، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 9
شهریور 1399
صفحه 39-62
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار