Applied Research in Consulting

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the Effect of Compassion Focused Therapy on Life style and self-esteem in Wives of the deceased veterans. The study was semi-experimental study, 40 Wives of the deceased veterans in Isfahan were selected through available sampling method, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The study instruments were Lali lifestyle (2012) questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1967). Experimental group received 8 sessions of Compassion Focused and all subjects were evaluated 2 occations at pretest and posttest and stages. The gathered data was analyzed by a repeated-measure MANCOVA analysis. The results showed that the efficacy of Compassion Focused Therapy was significant on Life style in physical health, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, drugs and alcohol, accident prevention and environmental health dimensions and also, was significant on Self-Esteem (p<0/05). This study showed that Compassion Focused Therapy plays a pivotal role in improving. This method is suitable intervention for improvement of psychological variables among Wives of the deceased veterans.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the quality of life based on psychological flexibility in irritable bowel syndrome patients and using a correlational descriptive method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Isfahan, numbering 230 people; In the present study, 140 people were selected using the table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970) by available sampling method. To collect information, two quality of life questionnaires of Patrick and Drasman (1998) with 34 items, and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire 2nd edition of Bund and colleagues (2011) with 7 items on a five-point Likert scale were used. The content and form validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by a number of experts and their reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.862) and (0.812) respectively. Based on the results of step-by-step regression analysis, the relationship between cognitive flexibility and quality of life has been significant. Based on this, the coefficient of cognitive flexibility explains 9.3% of the variance of the quality of life; Also, the beta coefficient increases the quality of life by 0.305 units per one unit increase in cognitive flexibility.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of body dissatisfaction in the relationship between social comparison orientation and sexual satisfaction in married women. The current research is applied and is included in the group of descriptive correlational studies. The statistical population of this study was all married women who were referred to health centers in Tehran in the fall of 1402. The sample size was 385 people who were selected by the available sampling method. In this study, the short form of the Body Dissatisfaction Questionnaire by Cooper et al. (1987), the Social Comparison Orientation Scale by Gibbons and Banks (1999), and the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire by Hudson et al. (1981) were used as evaluation tools. The relationship between variables was tested with Pearson's correlation test and the research model was tested with structural equation modeling technique. The results of this research showed that social comparison orientation was able to predict sexual satisfaction in married women inversely. Also, social comparison orientation can directly predict body dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction can inversely predict sexual satisfaction. Finally, body dissatisfaction can mediate the relationship between social comparison orientation and sexual satisfaction in married women (p<0.05).

Abstract All jobs and professions follow certain ethical principles, the basic purpose of which is to reduce harm and increase effective service. The field of family and couple counseling, especially from the ethical aspect, has certain issues and complications, which sometimes puts couple and family therapists in two much more complicated moral paths than individual therapy. The most important document in any profession is the ethical code of that profession. This document connects specialists to achieve goals and defines the scope of their work. The code of ethics clarifies the ideal standards as a professional. Considering the limitations of the professional code of ethics of psychologists and counselors in Iran in the field of ethical codes related to working with couples and families, the purpose of this article is to review three valid codes of professional ethics in Iran. The field of work was with couples and families, so that the therapists of this field could be familiarized with the special content of these codes, and in this way, provide the ground for solving ethical challenges in this context. The review of these systems adds to the knowledge of therapists about some challenges and practical suggestions are suggested to face these issues. The specific codes of each system are provided, and if some of these codes overlap, the different codes provided in other systems are highlighted. Despite the high agreement of these systems on a large part of the ethical codes, there are still differences regarding some others.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of social identity in the parent-child relationship and cyberbullying. The statistical population of this research included all Iranian teenagers between September and December 2021, of which 384 people were selected as a statistical sample using the convenience sampling method. The research method was descriptive and correlational. To collect the required data, the Cyber-Bullying/Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (CBVEQ), the Parent-Child Relationship Survey (PCRS) by Fine et al., and the Social Identity Questionnaire by Safarinia and Roshan were used. In line with data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the relationship with parents and cyberbullying and a positive and significant relationship between the relationship with parents and social identity and its components (p<0.001). According to the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient, there is a negative and significant relationship between social identity and its components with cyberbullying, as well (p<0.001). Furthermore, the results of path analysis showed that both exogenous variables (relationship with father and relationship with mother) have only an indirect effect on the endogenous variable (cyberbullying), In other words, social identity has been able to play a significant mediating role for parent-child relationship and cyberbullying. This is despite the fact that the parent-child relationship did not have a direct effect on cyberbullying.

Abstract Introduction: Understanding the concept of well-being in youth from the perspective of the elderly and the factors affecting it based on the opinion of the elderly and their lived experiences can play a significant role in increasing the quality and satisfaction of young people when they reach old age. The aim of the current research was "Designing and validating the model of promoting the well-being of young people based on the lived experiences of the elderly".
Method: In this study, the descriptive phenomenological method was used to collect data and the Collaizi method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. The number of participants was based on the theoretical saturation of twenty elderly men and women living in Tehran province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed to explain the well-being factors in youth.
Results: Five themes were extracted from the findings in the qualitative section, which include vitality, health and dynamism, personal growth and excellence, interpersonal relationships and strength.
Conclusion: Based on the findings obtained by planning for implementation, societies and governments can expand the welfare in the society and reduce the adverse effects of old age when the young society reaches old age.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between mindfulness, marital commitment and empathy with marital burnout of couples referring to the dispute resolution council of Yasouj city. The statistical population in this research was the couples who referred to the dispute resolution council of Yasouj city, and after coordination with them, 200 of these couples who had family disputes were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The present study is a correlational study. The tools used in this research are Pines Marital Discomfort Questionnaire (1996), Adam and Jones Marital Commitment Questionnaire (1997), Jolliffe and Farrington Empathy Questionnaire (2006) and Brown and Ryan Mindfulness Questionnaire (2003) as well as Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire. (2003) were. Structural equation findings showed that mindfulness, marital commitment, and empathy have a positive effect on couples' resilience. Mindfulness, marital commitment and empathy have a positive effect on couples' marital heartbreak. Resilience has a positive effect on couples' marital distress. In addition, resilience mediates the relationship between mindfulness, marital commitment, and empathy on couples' marital heartbreak. Considering that the family center causes the development of people's personality, and the level of marital heartbreak of couples is the main factor in their tendency to go to the dispute resolution council, therefore, family education is necessary to reduce the level of heartbreak of couples.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between mental strength and spiritual health and the hope of recovery in injured athletes of different sports. Methodology: A correlational research and the statistical population of the study. different sports in Tehran in 2021 who have referred to Pas physiotherapy, Aftab physiotherapy and Sports Medicine Federation physiotherapy centers of this city. In this way, 100 people were selected by simple random sampling (lottery). Spiritual health, hope for recovery, and mental strength were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple regression and Pearson correlation coefficient) and using spss20 software. Findings: The findings showed that there is a relationship between mental strength and spiritual health with hope for recovery, and mental strength and spiritual health can predict the hope for recovery of injured athletes (P<0.001). Conclusion: There is a relationship between mental strength and spiritual health and hope for recovery in injured athletes of various sports fields, and the results of the present study can be used in formulating treatment protocols to increase the mental health of these people.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience in the transition to parenthood. This research tried to take a deep look at the phenomenon of becoming a parent as one of the most important periods in the family life cycle. For this purpose, with qualitative approach and phenomenological method and using targeted sampling, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 new parents (16 mothers and 12 fathers) with children aged 3 months to 2 years who lived in Shiraz city in 1402. Then, the data obtained from the interview was analyzed using the Interpretive Phenomenology analysis (IPA) method. The analysis of participants' experiences led to the identification of 48 primary semantic codes, 5 subcategories and 2 main categories of "individual experiences and couple relationship experiences". The results showed that upon entering the parenthood period, people experienced changes in their individual lifestyles and experienced many positive and negative feelings and emotions within themselves. By discussing the nature of the phenomenon of parents' lived experience in the transition to parenthood, this study provides a deeper insight into the experiences of parents entering the role of parents to experts and family and marriage counselors.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on loneliness and distress tolerance of female dormitory students. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all female students aged 20 to 30 residing in the dormitory of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) during the academic year 2023-2024. Out of this population, 40 individuals were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (20 individuals) and a control group (20 individuals). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of emotion regulation training using the Gross method. The levels of loneliness and distress tolerance in both groups were measured in the pre-test and post-test using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980) and the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2008). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS27 software. The findings of the research indicated that emotion regulation training led to a decrease in loneliness scores (F = 61.49, p < 0.01) and an increase in distress tolerance (F = 26.73, p < 0.01) in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results of the present study indicate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving loneliness and increasing distress tolerance of female dormitory students.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training in improving problem-solving ability and integrating visual-auditory function and reducing symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity in hyperactive children.This research was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all hyperactive children aged 8 to 12 in Shiraz city in 1403, and the researcher identified 40 hyperactive students from among all primary school children with a targeted method and with the Conners Teacher's Form of Attention Deficit Test and iva test. Randomly placed 20 people in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The measuring tools of the research included the hungry donkey test, the iva test, and the questionnaire of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis at two descriptive and inferential levels. And the hypotheses were tested at the inferential level by covariance test. The results showed that mindfulness training has a significant effect on improving and increasing the ability to solve problems and improving and increasing the integration of visual-auditory function in hyperactive children. Also, mindfulness training has a significant effect on improving and reducing attention deficit symptoms in hyperactive children.Mindfulness can play a big role in improving cognitive functions such as problem solving ability, visual and auditory memory. Also, by using mindfulness training, the problem of attention deficit hyperactive children can be improved.

Abstract Entrepreneurship and women's empowerment are technically related, the purpose of this article is to examine the strategy of entrepreneurship and women's empowerment for national development. Women in developed countries play an important role in national and economic development. With this in mind, the purpose of the article is why women are not empowered enough. How to empower them in the country. This study is qualitative in nature. The results of this study showed that women are definitely dominated in entrepreneurship because most business enterprises are controlled by men. In explaining this study, empowerment theory was used, this theory was proposed by Sara Langue in 1990. Basically, this theory is based on the empowerment of women and gender equality. The aim of this theory is to critically reach the level of empowerment and development of women. The premise of this theory is to guarantee equal opportunities for men and women to achieve gender equality. This theory helps to reduce gender differences and maintain equal access to education and economy. This study showed that cultural stereotypes, unequal access to education and insufficient capital have affected women's entrepreneurship and empowerment. Considering this issue, this study recommends that the government should empower women through free education and skill acquisition programs. The government and financial institutions should give free loans to women to empower them to start businesses.

Abstract : The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the self-compassion-attachment intervention based on strategies to cope with stress in adolescents in Tehran. The current research was of a quasi-experimental type. The statistical population of the research was formed by the teenagers of Tehran in 1402. The sample size was equal to 30 people who were randomly divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The pre-test stage was implemented, then the training of self-compassion therapy based on attachment (Garcia-Campaio et al., 2016) was given to the experimental group, and then, a post-test was taken from both groups. Data were collected using Endler and Parker's (1990) coping strategies and analyzed by SPSS-26 software using covariance analysis. The results of the research showed that the strategy of dealing with avoidant and emotional stress in the post-test stage was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Also, the results showed that the experimental group's problem-oriented stress-coping strategy in the post-test stage had a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.01). Therefore, self-compassion-oriented intervention is effective in reducing ineffective methods of coping with stress and promoting effective methods of coping with stress among teenagers.

Abstract Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting emotional expression based on the strategies of non-compromise and rumination of anger in women affected by marital infidelity in Isfahan city.
Methods: In this research, which was carried out using a correlational descriptive method, 156 people were selected by purposive sampling from among all the women affected by marital infidelity who visited counseling centers in Isfahan city in the summer and fall of 2023. To collect data, questionnaires of emotional expression, cognitive regulation of emotion and rumination scale of anger were used. Data analysis was also done with Pearson correlation and simultaneous multiple regression statistical methods in SPSS24 software.
Results: The results showed that non-compromising and rumination strategies predict anger by 0.583 from emotional expressiveness. Also, the impact of uncompromising strategies on emotional expressiveness is -0.57 and the effect of anger rumination on emotional expressiveness is -0.31. These results show that women who use more non-compromising strategies and rumination of anger have problems in emotional expression.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that suitable educational and counseling programs be designed and implemented to empower women to use compromised strategies and reduce anger rumination.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to model the causality of adolescents' tendency to drug addiction based on personality types and the perception of social support and the mediating role of body image. In terms of method this research was a descriptive correlation of the type of structural equations. The statistical population of this research was all the male and female students of the second year of secondary school in Mashhad in the academic year 1402-1403, from which 330 people were selected as available. The data collection tools were Weed & Butcher (1992) Addiction Tendency Scale and Zimmet et al.'s (1988) social support perception questionnaires, Rathus & Nevid's (1989) personality types, and Cash et al.'s (1997) body image. To describe the findings, mean and standard deviation were used, and Pearson's correlation tests and structural equation models were used to infer information using SPSS-27 and AMOS-24 software. The results of this research showed that this research model had a good fit (χ2/df=2.1, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.07, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.91, CFI=0.92) and personality types both directly and indirectly , but perceived social support They have an effect on addiction tendency only indirectly through body image. The present study showed that in order to prevent the tendency of adolescents to become addicted to drugs, it is very important to investigate their personality types and body image.

Abstract Researchers usually face many difficulties in conducting a research, mainly because on the one hand they are not familiar with the philosophical foundations of the main paradigms used in educational research (quantitative, qualitative or mixed) and on the other hand, they are unfamiliar with the relevant types of research. These paradigms are not related. These methods determine not only the formulation of the problem chosen for research and the related research questions or hypothesis, but more importantly, the sampling method, the selection of appropriate research tools, the way of data collection and also the data analysis; Therefore, knowing the types of research methods and the characteristics of each of them, as well as understanding the difference between quantitative, qualitative and mixed research, helps the researcher to choose the right and appropriate research method, and it is necessary for researchers to be fully familiar with these topics. Therefore, in this research, with the aim of investigating the basics and methods in multidisciplinary research, by distinguishing between quantitative, qualitative and mixed research, the explanation and definition of qualitative and quantitative research, the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods, the explanation of mixed methods and ethical considerations in all researches have been discussed. Researchers can choose the best and appropriate path for their research and be better and more successful in collecting the data needed for their research.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction group training (MBSR) with paradoxical time table group therapy (PTTT) on the dimensions of fatigue and sleep quality in women with insomnia. Method of research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test with 1-month follow-up with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included all women suffering from insomnia who referred to counseling centers and psychological services in the 3rd district of Tehran in the spring of 1403. 45 women suffering from insomnia were randomly selected and randomly assigned to the MBSR group (15 people), PTTT group therapy (15 people) and the control group (15 people). Kabat-Zinn (2005) MBSR protocol was conducted during 8 90-minute sessions and PTTT protocol was conducted during 6 90-minute sessions, and members of the control group were placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages with Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test through SPSS-28 software. The results of this research showed that MBSR and PTTT reduce fatigue and improve sleep quality in women with insomnia, and the treatment results were stable up to one month after the intervention. p<0.05). Also, MBSR to reduce fatigue dimensions and PTTT to improve sleep quality were more effective methods.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of the combined treatment of yoga and mindfulness exercises on reducing depression during pregnancy and after delivery. The current research was of quasi-experimental type with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of pregnant women in Mashhad in 1403. The sample size was equal to 40 people who were placed in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The data were collected using the postpartum depression scale (Cox et al., 1987) and analyzed by SPSS software (version 26) using the analysis of covariance method. The results of the research showed that there was a significant decrease in depression in the post-test stage in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). The effect size for this test was 0.474. Therefore, The results of the present study are an important step towards the treatment of depression during pregnancy and after delivery.
Keywords: yoga, mindfulness, pregnancy, postpartum depression

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate and understand the challenges and strategies of school counseling from the perspective of school counselors.
Method: The current research is qualitative and based on the phenomenological approach. The sample of the study was the school counselors of Arak and Najaf-Abad in the year (2023), 14 of them were selected in a purposeful and theoretical manner according to the principle of theoretical saturation, and the research data was collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. was collected and the data was analyzed with the method of theme analysis and Colaizzi pattern (1978).
Findings: The data analysis showed that the challenges of guidance and counseling in school include 4 general themes with the titles of challenges of counselors, students and clients, school and community environment along with 22 sub-themes and their strategies are also in 4 general themes of strategies. It was summarized with 21 sub-themes related to counselors, students and clients, school and community environment.
Conclusion: Understanding the challenges and strategies of guidance and counseling in schools from the point of view of school counselors can help to better understand the role and position of school counselors along with reducing harm and increasing support in order to have more influence of counselors in the realization of education programs on a wide scale

Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate the role of the seven dimensions of secrecy on the quality of married life. The research method was descriptive correlation type. For this purpose, 100 people were selected by random sampling method. Subjects responded to two researcher-made confidentiality questionnaires and Filcher's Marital Life Quality Questionnaire. Data analysis was done by simultaneous regression analysis and two tolerance tests and variance inflation index were used. The findings of the research showed: A: There is a significant positive relationship between the secrecy variable in general and the quality of married life. B: There is a significant positive relationship between the secrecy variable in the dimension of marital disputes and the quality of marital life. C: There is no significant relationship between the secrecy variable in the emotional dimension and the quality of marital life.Therefore, they can improve the quality of their married life, and the final result of this demarcation and the quality of married life will be the consolidation of the foundations of the family.
Quality of life, marital life, privacy

Abstract Self-efficacy, defined as an individual's belief in their ability to cope with challenges, plays a crucial role in adapting to the physical, psychological, and social changes during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between various personality traits (fairness, bravery, egalitarianism, and introversion) and coping self-efficacy among pregnant women. In this correlation study, a total of 100 pregnant women visiting a healthcare center in Mashhad were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using standard questionnaires for measuring personality traits by Bass (1975) and coping self-efficacy by Chesney (2006). Appropriate statistical tests, such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression, were used for data analysis. The results indicated that personality traits, particularly the dimensions of fairness and bravery, have a significant impact on coping self-efficacy (p < 0.05). These two personality traits together can explain about 35% of the variations and differences in individuals' coping self-efficacy when facing challenges. In other words, pregnant women with higher levels of fairness and bravery tend to have a stronger belief in their ability to cope with the challenges of pregnancy. Given the key role of coping self-efficacy in the mental and physical health of pregnant women, this research emphasizes the importance of considering personality traits in designing intervention programs aimed at improving the quality of life for this group.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological inflexibility in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety. The research method is correlational and the statistical population includes all ... in 1403, which were selected through convenience sampling of 400 people for the present study and responded to the Lewis Parenting Schema (2018), Hayes and Bond Flexibility, and Oweyse et al. (2021) Social Anxiety Questionnaires(2021). The results of the correlation analysis showed that psychological inflexibility has a significant and positive relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety (p<0.01). The results of the structural equation analysis showed that Psychological inflexibility has a mediating role in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the results indicate the importance of parenting schemas in explaining cognitive flexibility. Therefore, organizing workshops and training classes that explain the importance of responsibility and teach better social adaptation techniques can be effective in improving social anxiety.

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the impact of teaching dynamic mental frameworks on test anxiety and perseverance in high school students from low socio-economic backgrounds in Arak. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all male high school students in Arak with low socio-economic status in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample included 36 male high school students from Arak with low socio-economic status, selected in three stages using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention program, lasting one month and comprising eight sessions, was implemented with the experimental group. To collect data, the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (Friedman & Jacob, 1997) and the Perseverance and Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009) were used. Data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with SPSS software. The results of the analysis indicated that teaching dynamic mental frameworks significantly affected test anxiety and perseverance (p < 0.01). Therefore, by teaching this mindset to adolescents from low socio-economic backgrounds, it is possible to lay the foundation for their growth and progress in the future.

Abstract Aim and Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of commitment-based therapy on Anhedonia, Meaning in Life, Emotional Empathy, Child Parent Relationship and Quality of Life in Children, in Mothers of Children With Cancer.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a semi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test with a one-month follow-up test with a control group. The sample consisted of 36 mothers of children with cancer who visited Omid Shahr Hospital in Isfahan during the second 6 months of 1402. The subjects were selected by random sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. the lack of hedonism questionnaire of Snit et al. (1995); Questionnaire of meaning in life Stegar et al. (2006); Emotional Empathy Questionnaire of Mehrabian and Epstein (1972); Pianta's Parent-Child Relationship Scale (1994); Children's quality of life scale was Varney, Sid, Curtin (2003). Also, mothers received 8 sessions of 90-minute commitment and acceptance therapy based on Westrup and Wright (2017) and Gilbert's compassion therapy (2009) were used to collect data and the collected data were analyzed with the help of Spss-23 software.
Findings: The findings showed that in the experimental group, the difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores of lack of enjoyment of meaning in life, emotional empathy, parent-child relationship and child's quality of life is significant (P<0.01), but in The control group is not significant.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to into the role of mothers' parenting styles in developing the career meta-competencies of high school students. The present research was conducted in two stages. The method of the first stage was quantitative and its purpose was to form two groups of teenagers with high and low meta-competenc. Therefore, the research population was all teenagers in the second year of high school in Isfahan city. The sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula, 382 students who were selected and participated in the research by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The research tool was three questionnaires related to career meta-competences (career adaptability, emotional literacy skills and career identity). At this stage, the grades obtained from the three meta-competencies were converted into standard Z grades and T grades. Students who their scores were one standard deviation higher than the mean were assigned in high meta-competence group(n=39); conversely, students who their scores were one standard deviation lower than the mean were assigned in low meta-competence group (n=35). According to the mentioned theory, the main theme of the parenting style of the high Career Meta-competencies group was the responsive style and the main theme of the parenting style of the low Career Meta-competencies group was the independent style.

Abstract In terms of study method,this study is a three-group quasi-experimental study with pre-test,post-test,and one-month follow-up.The statistical population of the study included all veterans with mental illness Mashhad in 1403,from which 60 people were selected as samples using purposive sampling based on study inclusion and exclusion criteria.In this study,the social relationships questionnaires of McCarthy and Madson(2005),social belonging questionnaires of Hagerty and Patosky(1995), and cognitive flexibility questionnaires of Dennis and Vanderwaal(2010) were used.Also,interpersonal psychotherapy training for the first experimental group and mindfulness for the second experimental group were implemented in 12 separate parallel sessions,but the participants in the control group did not receive any training.Finally,after the measurement stages,data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test.The results of the study showed that interpersonal psychotherapy training and mindfulness-based therapy are effective in improving social relationships,sense of social belonging,and cognitive flexibility among veterans of mental and psychiatric disorders.Also,pairwise comparison of experimental groups and time series,no difference was found between the effectiveness of the interventions for all three dependent variables mentioned and the measurement stages,meaning that the effect of both training methods remained the same over time.Consequently,considering the lasting impact of two educational interventions on social relationships,sense of social belonging and cognitive flexibility,the use of these two educational methods in educational centers to enrich the quality of life of neuropsychiatric veterans can be considered.

Abstract There are many short-term approaches to therapy psychological disorders and counseling, including; Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), Paradox Timetable (PTC), and Single-Session Therapy (SST) approaches, which are more common nowadays. The SFBT approach, with its future-oriented and solution-oriented outlook, has good results in therapy and seeks to solve the client's problem by finding forward-looking solutions with the help of exceptional central questions. Also, the paradoxical approach, with the method of periodic time exercises, has taken miraculous steps in trying to change and strengthen the patient's "Ego" and therapy disorders. The method of reviewing sources and research was used in this article and the aim of this research was to compare the two approaches of SFBT and PTC. The foundations, principles, therapy plans and therapy techniques of each of the two approaches were compared and the results obtained in this research showed the PTC method is more efficient, effective, faster, more economical, deeper, and with better results and with a minimum recurrence rate of 5%, it is used to therapy most disorders and has the original components of a comprehensive approach compared to the solution-oriented approach and other therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this method is strongly recommended to clinical psychologists, couple therapists, and personality therapists.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of career adaptability in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and tolerance of ambiguity in career decision-making. A convenience sample of 327 individuals (201 women and 126 men) aged 18 to 26 from Neyshabur city completed online questionnaires, including a demographics questionnaire, the short form of the Career Adaptability Scale (Sou et al., 2021), the Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (Xu and Tracy, 2015), and the Positive Parenting Schema Questionnaire (Louis et al., 2018). The results of Pearson's correlation coefficients utilizing SPSS26 showed a positive and significant relationship between parenting schemas with career adaptability (r(325)= .41; p< .001) and career decision ambiguity tolerance (r(325)= .43; p< .001), as well as a positive relationship between career adaptability and career decision ambiguity tolerance (r(325)= .52; p< .001). The results of variance-based structural equation modeling using bootstrapped confidence intervals (with AMOS24) showed that from the total effect of positive parenting schemas on the tolerance of ambiguity in career decision-making (β= .53, 95%CI [.39, .65], p< .001), career adaptability can mediate more than half of this effect (β= .27, 95%CI [ .18, .39], p< .001). These findings demonstrate that over half of the impact of parents' positive performance in meeting their children's basic emotional needs on their tolerance amidst the complexities and ambiguities of career decision-making is attributed to the development of psycho-social abilities that enhance their self-regulation when faced with various career challenges.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to Designing a Structural Model of Marital Burnout Based on Alexithymia with the Mediation of covert relational aggression in Married Women. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology in the correlational study group. The statistical population of this study was all married women in District 4 of Tehran in the summer of 1403. The sample size was 400 people who were selected by convenience sampling. In this study, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al, 1994), the Couples' covert relational aggression Scale (Nelson and Carrol ,2006) and the Marital Burnout Scale (Pines ,1996) were used as assessment tools. The relationship between variables was tested with the Pearson correlation coefficient and the research model was tested with the Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique using SPSS 28 and AMOS 24 statistical software. The results of this study showed that alexithymia could directly predict covert relational aggression and marital burnout. Also, covert relational aggression could directly predict marital burnout. Finally, covert relational aggression could mediate the relationship between alexithymia and marital burnout in married women (p<0.05). According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that psychologists and family counselors can reduce marital burnout in married women by improving alexithymia and covert relational aggression.

Abstract This research was conducted with the aim of women's lived experience of continuing married life after the disclosure of the husband's breach of contract. The research method was a qualitative type of phenomenological type. The statistical population of the research was all the women living in Tehran in 1402 who preferred to stay in married life after experiencing their husband's breach of contract. The research sample included 8 women from this community selected in a purposeful sampling. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The obtained information is the steps of information analysis based on the data obtained from the research questions raised in the form of the interview. From the analysis of the data obtained in this research, 2 main themes and 6 sub-themes including intrapersonal (unforgiveness, experience of inner feelings, personal changes) and interpersonal (interpersonal injury, relationship improvement, perception of support) from The view of the participants regarding the experience of breaking the contract of the wife has been revealed, which can show women's understanding of the phenomenon of breaking the contract from the interviewees' point of view. Therefore, it is suggested to design and implement programs in medical centers to reduce the psychological problems of women who had the experience of breaking the contract with their husbands.

Abstract This study was applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method of controlling variables, it was a pilot study that was conducted with a post-event (causal comparative) method. The statistical population is all female athletes and non-athletes in Ahvaz. In order to access the athlete sample from four regions of Ahvaz and 20 clubs, athlete and control group samples were selected by cluster random sampling. The statistical population was also composed of all married women aged 25 to 75, of which 150 people were selected. The instruments were the Neo Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) (1985), the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ) (Roger Vanja Rian; 1993), and the Pines Marital Burnout Scale (CBM) (1996). Independent and dependent t-tests were used to test the hypotheses. SPSS version 23 software was used to analyze the data in this study. In this study, a significance level of 0.05 was considered. The results showed that there is a relationship between personality traits, coping styles, and marital depression in married female athletes and non-athletes in Ahvaz. According to the research findings, it is recommended to use a coping styles training program to reduce couples' burnout.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study aimed at the effectiveness of reality therapy on self -care, distress tolerance, self -esteem and the anxiety of first women's death. Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of narrative therapy on the rumination of divorced mothers in Behbahan. Method: he semi -test research method was with the pre -test and post -test design with the control and follow -up group. The statistical population includes first -rate women at the Mashhad Mama Midwifery Counseling and Midwifery Service in the second half of 1403, which had a medical record, 45 people were selected by targeted sampling and were assigned in two experimental and certificates. The experimental group was placed 10 90 -minute sessions under the Glaser Reality Therapy (2000). The group did not receive a training certificate but was on the waiting list for training. The data collection was based on the self -care, distress tolerance, self -esteem and anxiety of death. Data were done using descriptive indicators and repeated variance analysis by SPSS software. Findings: ignificant education reduced the scores of distress tolerance and death anxiety and self -care and increase self -care in the experimental group (P <0.01). Along with medication therapies, it is recommended that reality therapy be performed on first women.

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of teaching self-regulated learning strategies on students' working memory and academic identity. This study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a field experimental study in terms of method with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all eleventh grade female students in the four education districts of Qom city who were studying in the academic year 2024-2025.In this study, a multi-stage random sampling method was used to select the subjects. In this study, the Pentrich and De Groot self-regulated learning strategies training program, the digit span and letter-number sequence tests of the fourth edition of the Wechsler-Abedi Intelligence Scale, and the Vaz and Isaacson Educational Identity Status Questionnaire were used to collect data related to the variables.The results showed that training in self-regulated learning strategies has an effect on working memory and academic identity, and on working memory subscales and academic identity subscales of eleventh-grade female students in Qom's Education Department at the post-test and follow-up stages.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the linear and non-linear relationship between lifestyle influenced by virtual space and interpersonal forgiveness with marital reconciliation in women with marital conflicts referring to Ahvaz psychological centers. For this purpose, through one-stage cluster sampling, 154 women with marital conflicts were selected and they were asked the questionnaires of marital compromise by Spanier (1986), lifestyle influenced by the virtual space of Yang (1988), interpersonal forgiveness by Ehtshamzadeh & et al (2009) answered. The data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear and non-linear analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and marital compromise. The linear relationship between the lifestyle affected by cyberspace and marital satisfaction was not significant, but there was a significant non-linear relationship between these two variables. Also, in the regression equation, the relationship between lifestyle affected by virtual space and marital compromise was non-linear.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the self-efficacy and self-control of adolescents with employed and unemployed mothers. The research method was a causal comparative type and the statistical population consisted of all high school girls who were studying in the second education district of Tehran in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample size was 80 people (40 with employed mothers and 40 with unemployed mothers) selected through an accessible and purposeful method. The general self-efficacy questionnaires of Sherer et al. (1982) and the self-control questionnaire of Tangi (2004) were used to collect data. The SPSS software version 24 and the analysis of variance method were used to analyze the research data. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the self-efficacy and self-control of adolescents with employed and unemployed mothers (p=0.05). An examination of the average scores of students' self-efficacy and self-control showed that adolescents with employed mothers scored higher than adolescents with unemployed mothers. Accordingly, by emphasizing the role of maternal employment, adolescents' self-efficacy and self-control can be significantly increased.

Abstract Abstract
Orphaned adolescents, due to the lack of emotional and familial support, face greater psychological and social challenges compared to regular adolescents. This research aimed to examine the psychological differences between orphaned adolescents and regular adolescents in the dimensions of motivational beliefs, emotional awareness, and social competence. The research method was descriptive with a causal-comparative design. The statistical population consisted of 120 adolescents (60 orphaned and 60 regular adolescents) from the city of Shiraz, who were selected through convenient sampling. To collect data, questionnaires on motivational beliefs, emotional awareness, and social competence were used, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results indicated that there were significant differences between orphaned adolescents and regular adolescents in all components. Specifically, regular adolescents scored higher in the components of motivational beliefs and emotional awareness. Additionally, in the social competence component, regular adolescents exhibited greater proficiency in social and emotional skills. This study shows that orphaned adolescents, due to the lack of psychological and emotional support, are more prone to psychological and social problems, and enhancing these psychological dimensions can help improve their psychological and social well-being.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of Bond and Itzhak's psychological flexibility models in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety in students. The research method is correlational and the statistical population includes students aged 18 to 48 in 1404. 250 people were selected for the present study through convenience sampling and responded to the Lewis Parenting Schema Questionnaire (2018), Hayes and Bond's Flexibility (2019), Itzhak et al.'s Flexibility (2014), and Oweyse et al.'s Social Anxiety (2021). The results of the correlation analysis showed that Bond's psychological flexibility has a significant and positive effect on the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety (p<0.01). The results of the structural equation analysis showed that Itzhak's psychological flexibility has a mediating role in the relationship between positive parenting schemas and social anxiety. Compared to Bond's psychological flexibility, Itzhak's flexibility seems to be more complex. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the results indicate the importance of parenting schemas in explaining cognitive flexibility. Therefore, attention can be paid to the aforementioned variable in the scope of interpersonal, educational, family, and therapeutic relationships.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts, and domestic violence with marital disenchantment among housewives in Shiraz. The research employed a descriptive-correlational survey design. The statistical population consisted of all housewives in Shiraz in 2022, from which 384 participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (Young, 2005), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Domestic Violence Scale (Haj-Yahya, 1999), and the Marital Disenchantment Scale (Pines et al., 2016). Regression analysis results indicated that these three variables explained 22% of the variance in marital disenchantment. Domestic violence (B = 0.32, t = 6.985), early maladaptive schemas (B = 0.25, t = 5.437), and negative automatic thoughts (B = 0.09, t = 2.141) contributed most significantly, respectively. Furthermore, domestic violence was found to mediate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative automatic thoughts with marital disenchantment (p < 0.01). In conclusion, marital disenchantment stems from the accumulation of maladaptive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral interactions. Reducing disenchantment requires simultaneous attention to both individual factors (such as schemas and negative thoughts) and interpersonal factors (such as violence). Domestic violence functions as both a cause and a consequence of cognitive-emotional interactions, creating a vicious cycle.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training on improving social health and awareness of citizenship rights in male child laborers aged 8 to 14 years in Tehran. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included male child laborers living in centers covered by support institutions in Region 12, and using complete sampling, 32 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included Keyes' social health questionnaire (1984) and Sharifi and Islamieh's citizenship rights awareness questionnaire (2013). The intervention program included twelve sessions of life skills training based on valid psychological and social theories. The findings showed that life skills training had a significant effect on promoting awareness of citizenship rights in civil and social dimensions, but this effect was not significant in the political rights dimension. Also, a significant difference was observed between the groups in all dimensions of social health, indicating high effectiveness. Based on the findings, it can be acknowledged that educational interventions based on life skills can help sustainably improve the social status of working children, especially when accompanied by institutional support and multi-level policymaking.

Abstract This study explored the impact of psychological empowerment training on the health of mothers raising preschool children (ages 3–6). Using a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design, researchers selected 30 mothers from Shaghayegh Preschool in Yazd during the 2023 academic year through convenience sampling. These mothers were randomly divided into two equal groups: an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group engaged in nine structured 90-minute sessions of a psychological empowerment-based educational program, meticulously developed and refined by researchers in collaboration with professors, consultants, and educational trainers during the 2022–2023 academic year. The control group, in contrast, received no intervention. Data collection was carried out using the Iranian version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. Results revealed that psychological empowerment training led to significant improvements in the physical and mental health of mothers in the intervention group (P<0.001). Additionally, maternal education level and employment status played a key role in health outcomes, with working mothers and those possessing higher educational qualifications demonstrating superior well-being. This study underscores the critical role maternal health plays in shaping both their quality of life and interactions with their children. By fostering emotional resilience and skills such as self-compassion, targeted interventions can help reduce behavioral and emotional challenges in children while strengthening parent-child connections. Ultimately, prioritizing mothers’ physical and psychological well-being during early childcare years is fundamental to ensuring the long-term mental health of future generations.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to present and test the structural model of intimate partner violence (IPV) with the mate value of self and partner in married people in the city of Isfahan and the mediating role of marital control and romantic jealousy. This research is descriptive-correlated. The statistical population of the present study included all married people in Isfahan city, 200 married men and 200 married women (n= 400) were selected using convenience sampling method. The Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the results of the study. The data was collected from the multidimensional value questionnaires of the mate values, marital jealousy, marital controlling scale, Conflict Tactics Scales, and perceived mate values. All analysis was performed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. The model results also showed that there is a relationship between the mate value of self and partner with IPV by mediating marital control, but there is no significant relationship between the mate value of self and partner with IPV by mediating marital jealousy. Therefore, according to the research findings, it can be concluded that the mediation of the marital control is effective in the relationship between mate value of self and partner and IPV.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of traumatic childhood experiences, parenting styles with the mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. In terms of the purpose, the present research is part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is a type of correlational studies. The research community consisted of all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the clinics of Isfahan city in 1403, from whom 109 people were selected as a sample. The tools of this research include Phileti's Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire (1998), personalized psychological flexibility index, Kashdan et al. (2020) Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI) Bauer et al. The analysis method of this research is path analysis, which was used to examine the causal relationships of research variables. The findings showed that, according to the calculated T-statistic values and significance levels of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, it can be said that traumatic childhood experiences, parenting styles with the mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility have an effect on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Given the qualitative nature of the present study, the method of collecting information was library-documentary. The findings showed that the core of critical thinking is cognitive skills, which, with the dominance of the traditionalist meta-view of the possibility of educating and developing critical thinking in students due to the creation of a centralized system, leads to the central role of the teacher in the classroom and the student is completely passive and does not pay attention to cognitive and meta-cognitive skills.Therefore, the curriculum needs to be reviewed and meta-perspectives taken into account for designing and compiling the curriculum, especially in the elementary grades. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that in order to achieve the ultimate goal of raising people who are able to cope with the current complex life and world, it is necessary to teach critical thinking to students from the very elementary grades;Because critical thinking is one of the essential factors in the growth and production of science, the existence of a space for criticism and thinking in scientific and research centers, the prevention of non-specialists in scientific circles, the vitality, vitality and dynamism of schools, the provision of a better environment for in-depth education and learning of students, and the encouragement of students, elites and competent people to the field of innovation play a significant role.

Abstract معنویت درمانی و تاثیر امور معنوی بر افزایش کیفیت زندگی افراد، یکی از امور مورد بحث در علم روانشناسی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی چرایی و کیفیت این تاثیرگذاری در دو مورد از شعائر اسلامی (پیاده روی بزرگ اربعین و رعایت حجاب بانوان) بر سلامت روان فرد و جامعه است. سوال اصلی این است که اجتماع بزرگ اربعین که در سال‌های گذشته به یک اجتماع عظیم جهانی تبدیل شده است و همچنین حفظ حجاب اسلامی که همواره در طول تاریخ مورد تاکید ادیان الهی بوده، از منظر علم مشاوره و روانشناسی، چرا و چگونه می‌توانند در سلامت روان افراد یک جامعه، تاثیر داشته باشد؟ این پژوهش با روشی تحلیلی- توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و همچنین استفاده از مشاهدات و تجربیات عینی برخی از افراد، به بررسی این مسأله پرداخته است. یافته‌های تحقیق فوق به شرح ذیل است: رعایت حجاب اسلامی با نیت قرب الهی و پیاده‌روی شکل گرفته در چند سال اخیر، به شوق زیارت اباعبدالله (ع)، قابل انطباق بر تعاریف علم روانشناسی از امور معنوی هستند و به همین دلیل، تاثیرگذاری آن دو بر سلامت روان، قابل پیش‌بینی است. شور و نشاط فوق العاده افراد حاضر در پیاده‌روی، مشاهده‌ی ایثار و از خودگذشتگی...

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attitude towards the use of artificial intelligence in education on promoting digital literacy, digital competence and digital media literacy. The research method was correlation-analytic with a survey approach. The statistical population included teachers working in the primary education sector in Divandarreh city in the academic year 2024-2025. The distribution method was a convenient sample (228 people). The measurement tools included the questionnaires Attitude towards Artificial Intelligence in Education by Chatterjee (2020), Digital Literacy by Rodriguez et al. (2016), Digital Competence by Bettin et al. (2023), and Media Literacy by Yazdani (2012). The tests used in this study included correlation and regression statistics. The results showed that there is a significant relationship (P> 0.05) between the attitude towards the use of artificial intelligence in education and the promotion of digital literacy, digital competence and digital media literacy of male and female teachers. Focusing on effective learning, problem-solving, AI learning, digital literacy, and information management can produce significant results for strategic policymaking. Education and training should prioritize the integration of digital literacy, digital competence, and digital media literacy education to prepare teachers for the challenges and opportunities presented by AI and other advanced technologies.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate psychopathology resulting from cancer diagnosis, emphasizing the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between personality dimensions and clinical disorders, in the cancer patient community of Urmia city. The present study was descriptive-correlational and was conducted within the framework of a clinical research on 170 cancer patients referring to Urmia medical centers in 1403. Data collection tools included the Big Five Personality Factors Questionnaire (NEO-FFI), Mentalization Scale (RFQ), and Clinical Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that neuroticism had the highest positive correlation with mental disorders (r=0.64, p<0.001) and mentalization had a negative and significant correlation with psychopathology (r=-0.53, p<0.001). Also, patients with high mentalization experienced lower levels of psychopathology. In structural equation modeling, the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between neuroticism and mental disorders was confirmed (indirect effect β=0.12, p<0.01) and the model fit indices (CFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.06) were assessed as appropriate. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that personality traits and patients' mentalization capacity have a significant effect on psychopathology resulting from a cancer diagnosis.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between five personality factors and psychopathology in patients with malignant tumors under chronic stress. The study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational method and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population was all patients with malignant tumors in Urmia who referred to medical centers between October 1403 and July 1404. The sample consisted of 200 people (54% female and 46% male) who were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included the Five Personality Factors Questionnaire (NEO-FFI), the Mentalization Scale (RFQ), and the Psychopathology Test (DASS-21). The data were analyzed by correlation and structural equation modeling. The results showed that neuroticism had the highest positive correlation with psychopathology (r=0.57), while mentalization showed a strong negative correlation with psychopathology (r=-0.53). The proposed structural model had a good fit (CFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.06) and showed that mentalization has a strong mediating role. Participants with higher levels of mentalization showed more positive behaviors and attitudes and a more effective capacity to cope with the stress of illness. The findings emphasize that the five personality factors, and especially neuroticism, are strong predictors of psychopathology in patients with malignant tumors.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive self-talk training with a cognitive-behavioral approach in Arabic on marital intimacy in married Arab-speaking women with cancer in Urmia city. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included married Arab-speaking women aged 25 to 55 with cancer who had referred to Urmia medical centers in the first half of 1404 (1425 AH). Among the eligible subjects, 30 were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 each). The data collection tool was the Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (Arabic version). The experimental group received positive self-talk training with a cognitive-behavioral approach in Arabic for 8 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using the multivariate covariance test. The results showed that after controlling for the pretest effect, there was a significant difference between the two groups in overall marital intimacy and emotional, verbal, and sexual dimensions (P<0.001). The greatest effect of the intervention was observed on emotional intimacy. These findings indicate that positive self-talk training in the mother tongue can improve marital intimacy in women with cancer.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate and analyze the neurobiological mechanisms affecting anxiety and depression in cancer patients in Urmia city and to determine the role of the main neurobiological indicators (cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function) during the period from October 1403 to April 1404. The research design was descriptive-analytical and the statistical population included all cancer patients referred to Urmia medical centers. Sampling was done using a stratified random method, and therefore 150 people were included in the study. Data collection tools included standard anxiety and depression questionnaires and neurobiological laboratory measurements (serum cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels). The results showed that the average anxiety and depression scores were at a moderate to severe level. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were higher than normal in most people, and serotonin levels were lower than the normal range. A significant correlation was observed between increased cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone with the severity of depression and anxiety (p<0.01), while decreased serotonin and dopamine were also associated with increased symptoms. Stepwise regression model showed that neurobiological variables predict a significant part of the variance in emotional symptoms of anxiety and depression. The findings indicate a significant role of neurobiological abnormalities in the severity and incidence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of poetry therapy with an emphasis on Arabic literature in reducing psychological distress in Arab-speaking cancer patients living in Urmia. This study attempts to explore the role of cultural-indigenous interventions in promoting the psychological health of cancer patients. The present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included Arabic-speaking patients referred to Urmia medical centers from October 1403 to July 1404. Forty patients (20 in the experimental group, 20 in the control group) were selected using a convenient sampling method. The research instrument was the K10 psychological distress questionnaire. The experimental group underwent poetry therapy interventions based on selected poems from Arabic literature in eight sixty-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test. The results showed that the level of psychological distress of the participants in the experimental group after the intervention was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p<0.05, F=10.34, η²=0.22). Also, dimensional analysis indicated a significant reduction in the anxiety (p=0.007, F=8.90) and worry (p=0.026, F=5.32) subscales of the experimental group. These results confirm the effectiveness of poetry therapy based on native literature in improving the mental health of people with chronic diseases.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy intervention on promoting happiness and adaptive behaviors and reducing maladaptive behaviors in children with cancer aged 7 to 13 years in Urmia city. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test method with a control group. The statistical population included all children with cancer aged 7 to 13 years who had referred to Urmia medical centers between January 2004 and June 2005. 40 children were selected through convenient and purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (20 people). The experimental group underwent cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for 8 60-minute sessions, and the control group received only usual medical care. The measurement tools were the Children with Cancer Happiness Scale (MSCS) and the Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (BASC-2). Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and SPSS software. The results showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in happiness scores (F=12.76; p<0.01; Eta²=0.35) and adaptive behavior (F=9.34; p<0.01; Eta²=0.29) compared to the control group, and a significant decrease in maladaptive behavior (F=10.25; p<0.01; Eta²=0.30). The findings of the study confirm the positive effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on improving happiness and behavior in children with cancer.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the latent growth patterns of academic engagement and effort among secondary school students and the role of socioeconomic status and prior academic performance in individual differences in these patterns. The research was longitudinal, utilizing latent growth curve modeling. The population consisted of 10th to 12th-grade students in Darab city during the 2022-2023 academic year, with a sample of 600 students selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected over four waves (October to January) using Fredricks’ (2004) Academic Engagement Questionnaire, Pintrich and De Groot’s (1990) Motivational Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Ghodratnama’s (1392) Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire, and students’ GPA as an indicator of academic performance. Results indicated a linear, declining trend in both academic engagement and effort over the year. Significant variances in intercepts and slopes confirmed individual differences. A negative correlation (r=-0.27, p<0.05) was found between initial levels and decline rates. Socioeconomic status and prior academic performance positively and significantly influenced initial levels and growth rates. The model showed good statistical fit. The findings highlight the need for school-based interventions and support for disadvantaged students to sustain academic motivation and effort.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and tolerance of ambiguity in predicting self-control. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included all students of Payam Noor University in Ray in 2017, of which 186 were selected as the research sample using the available sampling method. The self-control scale of Grasmick et al. (1993), the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire of Garnevsky and Kraij (2002), and the tolerance of ambiguity questionnaire of Lane et al. (1993) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression with simultaneous method. The results showed that negative emotion regulation has a significant direct relationship with self-control and positive emotion regulation has a significant inverse relationship with self-control. However, no significant relationship was observed between tolerance of ambiguity and self-control. Also, among the predictor variables, only negative emotion regulation was able to significantly predict the self-control variable. Therefore, it can be concluded that negative cognitive emotion regulation is an important antecedent in explaining poor self-control, and training individuals to reduce the use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies can help strengthen self-control.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of integrated self-knowledge in relation to family emotional climate and women's self-control. The present study was descriptive, correlational, and based on structural equations. The statistical population included all married women in District 4 of Mashhad in 2023-2024, from which 173 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the Morgan table and convenience sampling method. Research instruments included the Hillburn Family Emotional Climate Questionnaire (1964), the Tangeni et al. Self-Control Scale (2004), and the Ghorbani et al. Integrated Self-Awareness Scale (2008). Data were analyzed based on structural equation modeling using AMOS version 20 software. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the emotional climate and women's self-control. Emotional climate had a significant direct effect on women's integrated self-knowledge. Integrated self-knowledge also has a significant direct effect on women's self-control. By entering the integrated self-knowledge variable into the model, the indirect effect of family emotional climate on women's self-control became positive and significant. As a result, it can be said that integrated self-knowledge can play a mediating role in the relationship between family emotional climate and women's self-control.

Abstract Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of psychodrama on cognitive emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and academic resilience among students with test anxiety. A quasi-experimental design with pretest–posttest, control group, and follow-up was employed. The population included all male and female secondary school students in Baneh during the 2024–2025 academic year. From 200 students referred by school counselors, 30 who scored below 30 on Friedman’s Test Anxiety Questionnaire were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Instruments included the Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al.), and Samuels’ Academic Resilience Scale. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of psychodrama, while the control group received no intervention.

Repeated measures ANCOVA indicated that psychodrama significantly enhanced adaptive emotion regulation strategies (acceptance, positive reappraisal, refocusing, and perspective-taking) and reduced maladaptive strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame). In addition, students in the experimental group showed significant improvements in self-efficacy and academic resilience compared with the control group. These positive changes persisted at a two-month follow-up assessment.

Overall, the findings support psychodrama as an effective intervention for improving cognitive emotion regulation, fostering self-efficacy, and strengthening academic resilience among students with test anxiety. Incorporating psychodrama into counseling services and educational programs may provide a practical strategy for addressing academic stress and enhancing students’ psychological resources.

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Abstract The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation training and self-control training on self-control and emotional adjustment of students with oppositional defiant disorder. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all children aged 8 to 12 years in Shiraz who had been referred to psychological clinics in this city and had been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder. To select the sample, 45 children were randomly selected from among these children in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The method of selecting the sample group was simple random. After selecting the subjects, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: the first experimental group (emotion regulation training), the second experimental group (self-control training), and the control group. To diagnose oppositional defiant disorder, the Homerson, Murray, Ohan, and Johnson (2006) Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale was used, to measure self-control, the Humphrey Children's Perceived Self-Control Scale (1982), and to measure emotional adjustment, the Crick & Grotpeter (1995) Emotional-Social Adjustment Questionnaire was used. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance test showed both methods of emotion regulation training and self-control training have a significant effect on the self-control and emotional adjustment of students with oppositional behavior disorder. The effectiveness of emotion regulation training and self-control training on the self-control and emotional adjustment students with oppositional behavior disorder is not different. As a result, each of these interventions can be used in counseling and psychotherapy centers to improve self-control and increase children's adjustment.

Abstract This study, employing a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group, investigated the effectiveness of the "Philosophy for Children" program on holistic learning and learning motivation. The statistical population consisted of fourth to sixth-grade students in Tehran's public elementary schools during the 2022-2023 academic year. From this population, 120 students were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (60 students) or a control group (60 students). The experimental group received training in the "Philosophy for Children" program over 10 sessions. Data collection tools included a researcher-made holistic learning questionnaire, the standardized Harter Learning Motivation Questionnaire, and a structured observation checklist. The data were analyzed using independent t-tests, paired t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance. The findings revealed that implementing the program had a significant positive effect on increasing holistic learning and enhancing the learning motivation of students in the experimental group. A significant positive correlation was also observed between these two variables. Qualitative data from observations indicated the strengthening of critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and social interaction skills among the students. The program's impact was similar for both girls and boys; however, sixth-grade students showed greater improvement compared to the lower grades. In conclusion, the "Philosophy for Children" program, as an effective educational strategy, can help foster students' intellectual, emotional, social, and moral dimensions simultaneously by creating a dynamic, inquiry-based community environment, thereby increasing their intrinsic motivation to learn.

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. This study aimed to quantitatively synthesize research on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing ADHD symptoms through a meta-analysis. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies conducted between 2011 and July 2023 were analyzed. From these studies, 19 effect sizes were extracted, and after removing one outlier, the fixed effect size was 1.30, and the random effect size was 1.47. Moderating variables, such as the type of educational and non-pharmacological interventions, gender, number of sessions, and age, were also examined. The results indicated significant differences in effect sizes across studies based on these variables. This study emphasizes that sustained non-pharmacological educational interventions, especially when initiated at an early age, can lead to a reduction in ADHD symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions and targeted educational approaches in managing ADHD.

Abstract This qualitative study, employing a documentary-library method, analyzed the dimensions of the transformative meta-perspective for designing a curriculum based on educational justice. Findings indicate that a justice-oriented curriculum, informed by trans-personal, social change, and humanistic approaches, requires key elements. These include addressing learners' individual and social needs, fostering decision-making skills, valuing student choice, and ensuring cognitive and emotional engagement. Furthermore, it necessitates emphasizing individual and social values, cultural differences, a fair attitude among designers, expert consultation, and public participation. The curriculum should also aim to cultivate critical citizens with reasoning and persuasion skills, and enhance creativity by balancing intuitive and analytical thinking. The study concludes that implementing such a curriculum through a transformative lens ensures equitable resource distribution, impartial educational laws, and the elimination of gender, ethnic, and racial discrimination in assessment, thereby achieving comprehensive educational justice for all.

Abstract The present study aimed to model the structural relationship between media literacy and resilience mediated by cognitive emotion regulation in high school students in Qom. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is of the structural equation modeling type in terms of its descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population of this study consisted of male and female students in Qom province who were studying in secondary schools in the academic year 2021-2022. The sample group consisted of 700 people (350 girls and 350 boys) who were selected using the cluster sampling method; Thus, from among the 4 educational districts of Qom province, 8 schools (4 for girls and 4 for boys) were randomly selected, and 88 students from each school were included in the study. In this study, questionnaire tools (Toman Media Literacy Questionnaire, 1995, Garnevsky et al.'s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, 2001 and Connor-Davidson's Resilience Questionnaire (2003) were used to collect data related to the variables. All statistical analyses were performed at the 0.05 error level using SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. The findings indicate a positive and significant direct effect of media literacy on resilience. On the other hand, the effect of media literacy on resilience is also positive and significant indirectly and mediated by cognitive emotion regulation. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from promoting media literacy and cognitive emotion regulation in a consistent manner by planning correctly to increase students' resilience.

Abstract This study was conducted to examine the mediating role of dark personality traits in the relationship between childhood trauma history and interpersonal problems among married individuals. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all married individuals in Khorasan Razavi province in the year 2023. The research sample consisted of 300 individuals who were selected using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Dark Personality Traits Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using path analysis while observing statistical assumptions in SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that Machiavellianism and narcissism do not mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal problems (p<0.05). Antagonism, however, mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal problems (p>0.05). Therefore, considering the dark personality trait of antagonism and the history of childhood trauma, it is suggested that necessary educational programs be implemented to reduce interpersonal problems among married individuals.

Abstract The present study investigates the mediating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between self-esteem and marital adjustment in couples in Shahriar city. The statistical population of this study is married teachers.

Shahriar County, for which purpose a sample of 220 people was selected from them using a simple random sampling method and a 40-question questionnaire on spiritual well-being was administered.

Eysenck's self-esteem questionnaire and the 15-item Locke-Wallace questionnaire were distributed among them, and

The desired comparisons were completed by them. The average age of the respondents was about 36 years. The statistical method of regression correlation and Sobel test was used for data analysis;

This relationship showed that there is a weak positive relationship between spiritual well-being and marital adjustment. There is no significant relationship between spiritual well-being and self-esteem. There is also a significant but inverse relationship between self-esteem and adjustment, meaning that with an increase in the self-esteem score, the adjustment score decreases and vice versa. In addition, the effect of the spiritual well-being variable as a non-moderator in the relationship between self-esteem and marital adjustment of Iranian couples was not significant.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles and aggression in students of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch. Based on the theoretical foundations of attachment, early emotional patterns are expected to play an important role in emotion regulation and the emergence of interpersonal behaviors; therefore, aggression, as one of the important emotional outcomes in adolescence, can be affected by these styles. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 269 students who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data collection tools included the Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and simultaneous multiple regression. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between secure attachment and aggression, and a positive and significant relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment and aggression. Also, attachment styles explained a total of 27% of the variance in aggression; so that secure and avoidant attachment were significant predictors of aggression, but ambivalent attachment did not have a significant predictive power. Based on the results, it can be concluded that attachment style plays an important role in explaining aggressive behaviors of students, and strengthening secure attachment and emotion regulation skills can help reduce aggression and improve their social adjustment.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on self-disabling in obese adolescent girls. This study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all obese adolescent girls aged 13 to 16 years old in the first secondary schools of Tehran in the academic year 2024-2025. After initial mental health screening with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), 30 eligible individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment group therapy, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Jones and Rodewalt (1982) Self-Disabling Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. At the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation indices were calculated, and at the inferential level, univariate analysis of covariance and univariate follow-up tests were used. The results showed that the experimental group showed a significant decrease in self-handicapping compared to the control group (F = 24.81, p < 0.001, η² = 0.50). Accordingly, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment group therapy is effective in reducing negative cognitive processes, including self-handicapping, in obese adolescents and can be used as an efficient intervention to improve the mental health of this group.

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice (PICK) Program on fear of marriage in students. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population included single students of Al-Mahdi Mehr Institute of Higher Education in Isfahan in the academic year 2023-2024, from whom 30 people were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each). The Premarital Fears Questionnaire by Samiei et al. (2013) was used to collect data. The experimental group underwent group training in the interpersonal awareness and choice program based on the One-Up model (2007) for 9 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the aforementioned training significantly reduced students' fear of marriage (P<0.05). Also, the effectiveness of training based on the square of eta was 68 percent, respectively. The research findings indicate that premarital training based on the interpersonal awareness and choice program can be used as an effective educational intervention to prepare young people to consciously choose a spouse and reduce concerns related to marriage. By increasing cognitive and interpersonal skills, this program helps students have a more realistic understanding of relationships and be more capable in the process of making marriage decisions.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare emotional schemas, early maladaptive schemas and resilience in divorced couples and living couples. The purpose of this study was descriptive-causal-comparative. The statistical population included divorced and living couples in Qom, of which 100 divorced couples (50 men and 50 women) referred to the Shahid Qudusi Court in Qom and 100 couples (50 men and 50 women). Live samples were selected by available sampling method. Leahy emotional schema questionnaire, Yang maladaptive schema questionnaire and Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was a significant difference at the level of α = 0.05 between the research variables (emotional schemas, primary maladaptive schemas and couple resilience) in the two groups of couples divorcing and living (0.000 = sig). Thus, the mean scores of emotional schemas and the scores of early maladaptive schemas are significantly higher for divorced couples, but the mean scores of resilience are significantly lower than for normal couples. Therefore, according to the obtained results, there is a difference between emotional schemas, initial maladaptive schemas and fertility in divorced couples and living couples that need to be studied and considered before marriage.

Abstract Background and Purpose: The main goal of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the FoMO scale's consistency among Iranian adolescents and young adults Method: This research was a correlational study, the research population consisted of 380 Iranian teenagers and young adults aged 16 to 24 who were studying in schools and universities in Ardabil in 1400, and were selected by convenience sampling. The tools used FoMO fear of loss questionnaire were measured by an 18-question questionnaire, which was changed compared to the original questionnaire that included 10 questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to check the evidence of its structural validity. To check the construct validity Internal correlation and factor analysis were used. Findings: The findings showed that the developed fear of loss questionnaire with three subscales of loss, compulsion and comparison and 18 questions has good reliability, validity and suitability in terms of psychometrics, The confirmatory factor structure also confirmed the proposed three-factor model of the mentioned questionnaire. Conclusion: The fear of loss factor analysis questionnaire can be used to diagnose and help teenagers and young people at risk of social network damage.

Keywords: Fear of missing, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, adolescents, youth

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of transtheoretical pattern therapy (TTM) therapy with short-term solution-oriented therapy (SFBT) on spontaneous thoughts, cognitive flexibility and self-differentiation in male patients with Pethidine and MDMA. The method of the present study is an applied and quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The sample includes two intervention groups and a control group (15 people in each group) from all patients. Volunteer (willingness) and collection plan for drug addicts (welfare screening) accepted in the medium-term residential rehabilitation institute (Camp) Omid Iman Rahaei - Article 15 center - located in Mahdasht, Alborz province, which was selected by non-random sampling method And were randomly assigned to the intervention group (E1-E2) and the control group. The statistical models of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were tested to test the research hypotheses. There is a significant difference between short-term solution-based therapy (SFBT) in male patients with Pethidine and MDMA.

Abstract Due to the prevalence of Covid-19, disease anxiety has increased, especially among nurses. The aim of this study was to predict disease anxiety through mindfulness and psychological Flexibility during the Covid-19 era. The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population of the study included nurses of Covid-19 hospitals in 2020. Out of 450 qualified nurses, 250 nurses were selected as the sample by convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires including Corona Anxiety Scale, Mindfulness Questionnaire and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (second edition) online. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between corona anxiety with mindfulness and psychological Flexibility. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that mindfulness and psychological Flexibility can significantly predict 21% of changes in nurses' disease anxiety. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary planning be done to reduce corona disease anxiety in nurses during epidemics.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of life therapy on life satisfaction, life expectancy and quality of life in infertile women. The statistical population of the research included all infertile women who referred to the specialized gynecology and obstetrics clinic in Sari city in 1401 with the number of 37 people. For sample selection, 30 people who have been diagnosed with infertility were selected by non-random sampling method and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. Then both groups were given the questionnaires of enthusiasm for life, life expectancy and quality of life in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data was analyzed using mixed variance analysis by SPSS software. The findings showed that life therapy in infertile women was better for the variables of passion for life (p=0.000, F=20.045), hope for Life (p=0.000, F=31.190) and quality of life (F=12.556, p=0.001) were effective, so it can be concluded that life therapy increases passion for life, hope for life. And the quality of life affects infertile women.

Abstract Violence against women has a long history in the world. The aim of the current research was to identify the types of violence against women in the city and the countryside. The design of this research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of the present study includes urban and rural women of Khuzestan province, 150 of whom (75 urban women and 75 rural women) were selected using available sampling method and from the questionnaire of domestic violence against women (Dr. Tabrizi et al., 2013) to collect Data was used. The collected data were analyzed using spss-23 software. The results of multivariate variance analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the types of violence (psychological, physical, sexual and financial and social deprivation) between urban and rural women. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between age, education level and the level of violence against women.

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